<p></p><h1><a name="_Toc28940422">BRODMANN AREAS</a></h1>

<p>The initial
approach to understanding what part of the brain controlled what function was
the legacy of Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857 – 1952) who found that different parts of the
brain have different cellular architecture and control different functions and
sensations. And in 1909, Korbinian Brodmann discovered that different regions
of the brain had different cellular architecture, which he divided into
numbered areas (today called “Brodmann areas”). &nbsp;He dissected the brain into 52 distinct
regions. The cerebellar cortex is also subdivided into nearly a hundred areas.
Currently, we know that each of these divisions is composed of characteristic
neuronal circuits that consist of numerous neurons of diverse types
interconnected with each other via synapses. </p><h4>Figures xx and xx: Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (Left) and Korbinian Brodmann (Right)</h4><p><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/K%20Brodmann.jpg" alt="K Brodmann" width="318" height="472" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_right"><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Sherrington.jpg" alt="Sherrington" width="216" height="287" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_left"><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><h3><a name="_Toc28940423">Figure xx: Original Cortical Atlas by Brodmann,
Colorized Lateral View of the left hemisphere</a></h3><p><a name="_Toc28940423"><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Brodmann%201.png" alt="Brodmann areas" width="405" height="284" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_text-bottom"><br></a></p><a name="_Toc28940424">Figure xx: The 52 Brodmann areas of the brain</a><br><p></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/brodmann%202.png" alt="brodmann 2" width="621" height="277" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_text-bottom"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"></a></p><h4><a name="_Toc28940424">Brodmann area functions</a></h4><a name="_Toc28940424">

<p>8 sub-categories or groupings</p>

<p>Areas not in humans include: 14, 15, 27
and 49</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->executive functioning (9, 10, 44, 45,
46)</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->motor (4, 6, 8)</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->somatosensory (1, 2, 3, 5, 40, 31)</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->4)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->attention (7, 39)</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->5)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->visual (17, 18, 19, 15, 16)</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->6)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->memory (20, 21, 37, 28, 36)</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->7)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->Emotional regulation (11, 38, 47, 13)</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->8)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->Sound (22, 41, 42)</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->9)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->Primary Gustatory Area (43) Olfactory (34)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p></a><h4><a name="_Toc28940424"></a><a name="_Toc28940425">Bas 3, 1,and 2</a></h4><p><a name="_Toc28940425"></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940425">This region is the primary somatosensotry cortex and is located at
the post central gyrus of the brain (behind the Rolandic Fissure). It is
divided into Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3a, and 3b. 3b is thought to be the primary
somato-sensory cortex, and projects the outputs received from 3a to Brodmann
areas 1 and 2. BA 3 mediates bodily sensations, because its wired to pathways
bringing touch, pain, and temperature signals from the spinal cord, BA1 gets
information on texture and Brodmann area 2 gets information on the size and the
shape of an object. COOL!!</a></p><p></p><p>Figures xx and xx: Brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3</p><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/BA%20123.png" alt="BA 123" width="271" height="254" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_left"><br><p></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/BA123.png" alt="BA 123" width="625" height="464" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_text-bottom"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424">BA 4</a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424">Brodmann area
4 is the primary motor cortex of the brain and is located at the pre central
sulcus.&nbsp; It is considered the most
posterior part of the frontal lobe. BA 4 controls movements of the body and
sends many axons to the spinal cord, which in turn is wired to the muscles of
the body.</a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/BA%204.png" alt="BA 4" width="487" height="747" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_right"><br></a></p><a name="_Toc28940424">

This
region is the region of the motor homunculus, which is mainly involved in
controlling voluntary dynamic, kinesthetic movements. It is responsible for
motor (finger, hand wrist, lip tongue, face, mouth, and lower limb movement, as
well as eye movements and blinking and learning motor sequences. This area is
also responsible for somatosensory perception, such as finger moving and touch
, and kinesthetic perception of limb movements. This region as the main motor center of the brain,
initiates the onset of movements, mainly produced by contraction of skeletal muscle.
These impulses pass via the internal capsule to the spinothalamic tract in the
spinal cord, both parts of the pyramidal system.&nbsp;<br>
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<!--[endif]--><br></a><p></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"><br></a></p><p><a name="_Toc28940424"></a></p><h2><a name="_Toc28940427">BA 5</a></h2>

<p>Brodmann area
5 is part of the parietal cortex, making up the superior parietal lobe as part
of the post central gyrus. It is right behind Brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3, the
primary somatosensory cortex. This
area is involved with spatial orientation, and receives a great deal of visual
input as well as sensory input from one's hand. The postcentral gyrus is the principal somatic (of the body)
sensory area. It is the end-point of sensory information from the skin (for
touch, pain, pressure and temperature sensation) and from the spindle organs in
the joints (for position sense).&nbsp;</p><p><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/BA5.png" alt="BA5" width="595" height="949" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_left"><br></p>

<p>Comprehensively, this area is responsible for generating actions,
moving hands, moving limbs, sensing of our fingers, experiencing softness and
vibration, moving tongue and mouth, swallowing, voluntary breathing, imagining
actions, blinking and eye movements, the mirror neuron system, and verbal
encoding. The slow Beta rhythm of 13-14 hz was once used in neurofeedback
training as a means of reducing seizure and adding calm to patients otherwise
stricken with anxiety. The lack of this particular bandwidth in this region
suggests a lack of proprioceptive awareness and potentially a more anxious
state.</p><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><h2><a name="_Toc28940428">BA 6</a></h2>

<p>BA 6 are part of the frontal lobe
and lies anterior to the motor cortex (Brodmann area 4). The functions of
Brodmann area 6 are the premotor cortex are diverse and project directly to
the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.&nbsp;This region therefore may play a
role in the direct control of behavior, with a relative emphasis on the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">trunk
muscles</a>&nbsp;of the body. It may also play
a role in planning movement, in the spatial guidance of movement, in the
sensory guidance of movement, in understanding the actions of others, and in
using abstract rules to perform specific tasks. This area is also responsible for intention. </p><p><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Brodmann%20area%206.png" alt="Brodmann area 6" width="248" height="394" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_left"></p><h2><a name="_Toc28940429"></a><a name="_Toc16242834"></a><a name="_Toc525053908">BA 7</a></h2>

<p>Brodmann area
7 part of the parietal cortex of the brain and located posterior to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_somatosensory_cortex" title="Primary somatosensory cortex">primary somatosensory cortex</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2</a>), and
superior to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">occipital lobe</a>. This
region is believed to play a role in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visuo-motor_coordination" title="Visuo-motor coordination">visuo-motor coordination</a>
(e.g. tool use, reaching to grasp an object, handwriting, and visuospatial
attention.&nbsp;(e.g.,
in reaching to grasp an object). In addition, area 7 along with&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">area 5</a>&nbsp;has been linked to
a wide variety of high-level processing tasks, including activation in
association with language use.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_7#cite_note-2"><sup>[2]</sup></a>&nbsp;This
function in language has been theorized to stem from how these two regions play
a vital role in generating&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious" title="Conscious">conscious</a>&nbsp;constructs
of objects in the world, including self-reflection.</p><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/BA7.png" alt="Brodmann area 7" width="246" height="395" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_left"><br><p></p><h4><a name="_Toc28940430">BA 8</a></h4><h5>Brodmann area 8 is anterior to Brodmann
area 6 and is part of the frontal cortex. It includes the frontal eye fields
(so that if one has a stroke on injury to the brain in this region, the eyes
will drift towards the injury. It is involved in the management of uncertainty,
as well as the encoding of hope (a higher-order expectation positively
correlated with uncertainty).</h5><h2><a name="_Toc28940431"></a><br></h2><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/BA8.png" alt="BA8" width="249" height="393" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_text-bottom"><br><h2><a name="_Toc525053909">BA 9 and 10</a></h2><p>Brodmann area 9 located in the pre-frontal cortex is responsible for executive memory, abstract thinking, intentionality and motivation, memory (working memory, spatial memory, short term memory, memory encoding and recognition, memory retrieval, forgetting), motor skills, error detection, inductive reasoning, language skills (verbal fluency, metaphor comprehension, semantic categorization, verbal fluency, word-stem completion, generating sentences, etc). This area is underactive in individuals dealing with bipolar depressive disorders. Left BA9 is responsible for empathy, processing pleasant and unpleasant emotional scenes, self-criticism, and attention to negative emotions.<img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/BA9.png" alt="BA9" width="258" height="400" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_text-top"></p><p>Right BA9 is responsible for attention to positive emotions, recognizing the emotions of others, attributing intention, suppressing sadness, theory of mind, working memory and spatial memory, as well as planning, calculation, and religiosity.</p><p></p><h2><a name="_Toc28940432"></a><a name="_Toc16242836"></a><a name="_Toc525053910">BA 10</a></h2>

<p><a name="_Hlk28777532">Brodmann area
10 is the anterior-most portion of the pre-frontal cortex. Overall, this area
of the brain governs working memory; spatial memory; recognition; recall;
intentional forgetting; recognizing emotions; calculation; pain; organization,
maintenance, and implementation of intentions, source monitoring (who said what
information), logical inference, hypometabolism in bipolar disorder (with
paralimbic, insula, and cingulate hypermetabolism).</a></p>

<h3><a name="_Toc28940433">Brodmann
area 10L</a></h3>

<p>Brodmann area
10L is responsible for self-reflection (about one's own abilities, traits and
attitudes), Syntax, Metaphor, Lexical processing, Verbs, Self-reflection,
Self-appraise, Inferences during reading,&nbsp;
Forgiveability judgment (of a crime), the integration of disparate
relationships, dysfunction during remission in major depression, and the execution
of delayed intentions.</p><p><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/BA10.png" alt="BA10" width="254" height="394" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_text-bottom"><br></p>



<h3><a name="_Toc28940434">Brodmann area 10 R</a> </h3>

<p><a name="_Hlk28777561">Brodmann area
10 is responsible for recalling episodes, nonspeech sounds,&nbsp; familiar odors, reward vs conflict, risk vs
benefit, and carrying out delayed intentions.</a></p><br><p></p><br><p></p>