<p>Of all the brainwaves, gamma (40+ Hz) is the least understood. This is largely because of the, until recent, technological limitations of equipment to pick up these very fast, very tiny, 30+ Hz brainwaves. Complicating the process is the fact that gamma is easily confused with muscle artifact from the head and jaw. Gamma is seen in the EEG when the participant is presented with unpredicted stimuli (Arnal et al., 2011).&nbsp; It is the “aha!” or “Eureka!” of the EEG. It arrives in bursts when we recognize something novel.</p><p>Gamma travels in envelopes, which surround the oscillation, making it appear with a spindle shape, and it has the ability to arise in any structure of the brain, because interneurons connected by GABA A receptors are ubiquitous throughout the brain (Buzsaki, 2006, p. 75). Of most interest, gamma has been implicated to be the binding rhythm of consciousness (Buzsaki, 2006, Gold, 1999; Hughes, 2008). It is not generated via a local neurophysiological generator, but is rather an emergent property of networks (Gunkelman, 2015) and is related to subjective awareness (Gunkelman, 2014).&nbsp; Gamma is healthy when it is nested in other frequencies, which is a phenomenon known as phase-amplitude cross frequency coupling, where the phase of one frequency (e.g., theta) changes the amplitude of another frequency (e.g., gamma). As the theta goes electro-negative, gamma is active, but when theta goes positive, gamma attenuates (Gunkelman, 2015). Gamma has also been tied to deep meditative states. Lutz, Greischar, Rawlings, Richard, and Davidson (2004) found that long-term meditators produce self-induced high amplitude gamma when meditating.</p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p>Gamma-frequency oscillations are typically short-lasting, transient events (Buzsaki, 2006, p. 76). One of the markers of pathological gamma is persistence; healthy gamma ought to occur in bursts or “chirps” (DeRidder, 2014). Low-frequency oscillations (such as those of delta and theta) have been reported to coordinate long-range communication, while gamma oscillations (40-150) coordinate local communication (Buzsaki &amp; Draguhn, 2004; von Stein et al., 2000). Local communication is between very close neuronal pools. At times brainwaves come into harmony (e.g., 45 Hz gamma laid over a background of 9 Hz alpha is a harmonic, since 45 divides into 9), and other patterns that represent certain states of being and of mind.&nbsp;</p>