[encoded data, 223030 characters]\" alt=\"\"><br></a></p><h2><a name=\"_Toc29328778\"><br></a></h2><h2><a name=\"_Toc29328778\">Alpha</a></h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Alpha is a\r\nfrequency of 8-12 Hz, responsible as the idling state of the brain. The\r\ngeneration of alpha is cortico-cortical processes (Stam, 2006, p. 49), as well\r\nas a cortico-thalamic process (DeRidder, 2014; Gunkelman, 2014). That means\r\nthat alpha is generated from the cortex, as well as the thalamus. Although you\r\nare relaxed when in a predominantly alpha state, you are in the process of\r\ntaking packets of data with each alpha wavelet (DeRidder, 2014).&nbsp; </p>\r\n\r\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc29328779\">Healthy Alpha</a></h3>\r\n\r\nAlpha is a relaxed and focused space,\r\nresponsible for the state of flow, being in the zone, and creating. Alpha is\r\nthe most obvious waveform in the raw EEG, typically showing itself as large\r\namplitude, synchronous waveforms, usually emanating from the occipital regions\r\nof the head, regions known as O1, Oz, and O2. Alpha reflects perceptual\r\nanticipation of forthcoming stimuli (DeRidder, 2014). High amplitude alpha\r\nindicates an internally oriented state (i.e., more difficult to perceive an\r\nexternal trigger), and low amplitude alpha indicates an externally oriented\r\nstate (i.e., easy to perceive external stimulus) (DeRidder, 2014). Typically,\r\nwhen an individual closes their eyes, the body is signaled to relax and alpha\r\nappears in the EEG; when one opens one’s eyes, alpha attenuates. If alpha\r\nremains in the EEG for a while after the&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">eyes open,\r\nthere is a likelihood the individual suffers from brain fog, inability to stay\r\nfocused, difficulty sequencing thoughts, and difficulty planning; if alpha is\r\nimperceptible with closed eyes, the individual typically suffers from a trauma,\r\nsuch as PTSD (Swingle, 2010).</span><br>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"_Hlk15366181\">Alpha\r\nhas been noted as the brainwave that is responsible for daydreaming,\r\nfantasizing, visualization (relaxed, detached awareness), seen heavily in pot\r\nsmokers, dreamers, poets, and individuals who work in flow states (such as\r\nenergy healers).</a>Alpha\r\npeak frequency is synonymous with posterior dominant rhythm (PDR)\r\nand is the subject’s “idling rate”; everyone has their own dominant alpha\r\nfrequency, which typically falls between 9 Hz and 11 Hz. Average alpha peak\r\nfrequency is 10 to 10.5 Hz. An 11Hz alpha peak frequency indicates a mind that\r\nis capable of processing data quickly, or quicker than most. Put simply, the brain\r\nhas the capability to crunch 11 packets of data per second (the thalamus is\r\ngating at 11hz),an apt analogy is that of a camera with a fast shutter speed.\r\nThe speed indicates the capability of the photographer to get a clear, high\r\nquality shot. A fast alpha peak frequency is a sign of a facile mind that has\r\nthe capability to process data quickly. In the case of ruminations or\r\nobsessions, this asset can work&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">towards unwanted focus or\r\npreoccupation, although it is not the cause of the symptoms, but rather a\r\nfacilitator of fast processing.</span><h3><a name=\"_Toc29328780\">Dual Alpha Peak</a></h3>\r\n\r\n<p>When someone\r\nhas two separate alpha peak frequencies you see fusiform alpha. Fusiform alpha\r\nis a beat frequency that is the blending of two separate frequencies. This\r\nmixing of frequencies will give you an interesting morphology that looks\r\nmonomorphic, or one shape. Two alpha peaks has been observed within my own\r\nclinic as a marker of depression or tendencies of low mood and affective\r\ndisorders.</p><h4>Spectra of Dual Alpha Peaks</h4><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;</span><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/DUal%20ALpha%20Peaks.png\" alt=\"Dual Alpha Peaks\" width=\"629\" height=\"548\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\" style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;\"></p><p></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p></p><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Raw EEG of Fusiform Alpha (Eyes Closed)</h4><p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Raw%20Fusiform%20Alpha.png\" alt=\"Raw Fusiform Alpha\" width=\"415\" height=\"835\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\" style=\"text-align: left;\"></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Alpha rhythm often comes on when someone closes their eyes; the\r\nclinicians should be able to get a reliable alpha reading in 20-30 seconds. Fast alpha (above 11 hz) correlates with good semantic\r\nand declarative memory performance). It is not linearly related to IQ, but is\r\na component of it. </p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The quickening\r\nof someone’s alpha has been thought of as brain brightening. This enhances\r\nmemory and semantics. Alpha is your sampling rate. If we see 10 peaks per\r\nsecond, you have 10 hz alpha. You have a higher resolution if you have faster\r\nalpha. You have crisper, sharper perceptions if you have fast alpha. The alpha rhythm is considered\r\nto be made up of two separate functional components.&nbsp; Low alpha band (8-10\r\nHz): associated with general or global attention, and high alpha band (10-13\r\nHz): reflecting directed or task specific attention.&nbsp; </p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Both\r\nSterman et al. (1996) and Klimesch et al. (1993) found that individuals with\r\ngood (versus poor) memories have stronger desynchronization in the lower alpha\r\nband during the encoding and retrieval of memory.&nbsp; Crawford et al. (1995)\r\nfound more lower band alpha power in subjects whose attention was more\r\ndistractible.&nbsp; When sleep deprivation occurs, it has been found to mostly\r\naffect low alpha (and theta), negatively influencing general attention\r\n(Sterman, 1999) so that excitation is blunted and the frequent return to an\r\ninattentive idling state (Hammond, 2018).&nbsp;</p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p></p><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328781\"><br></a></h3><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328781\"><br></a></h3><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328781\">Alpha Slowing</a></h3>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">When there is a\r\nlack of blood flow and oxygen to the area, there is often a consequential slowing\r\nof alpha at the area. As the area degrades, sometimes the alpha slows\r\nconsiderably below the band. But this depends on how severe the ischemia is\r\n(Classen and Foreman, 2012). If the slowing is in the theta range, if can be\r\ndue to a trauma, a vascular anomaly, an aneurism or structural anomaly.</p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Slow%20Alpha.png\" alt=\"SLow Alpha\" width=\"1279\" height=\"718\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\" style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;\"></p><p></p><p></p><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></h3><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328782\">Background Rhythm of 6 Hz</a> \r\n \r\n \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nin a 3-year-old girl with anoxic brain damage&nbsp;</h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Slow%20ALpha%202.png\" alt=\"Slow Alpha 2\" width=\"655\" height=\"1105\" style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\"></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328783\">Chart of the common speed of alpha rhythm\r\n(“AR”) in pediatrics and the elderly (alpha rhythm matures around age 10)</a></h4><p style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Frequency%20Chart.png\" alt=\"Frequency Chart\" width=\"800\" height=\"1021\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\" style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;\"></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Hlk15366419\">The\r\nmean adult frequency was found to be 10.5Hz, and is slightly higher in females\r\nthan in males (Brazier and Finesinger, 1944; Petersen &amp; Eeg-Olofsson, 1971).&nbsp;\r\nAlpha stabilizes at its final peak by the ages of 10 (Niedermeyer, 1999b),\r\nalthough earlier studies have tracked its stability as high as the age 15\r\n(Peterson &amp; Eeg-Olofsson, 1971)</a>.&nbsp;\r\nMean alpha below 9 Hz is significantly low, and a mean frequency below 8 Hz “is\r\nalways abnormal, usually suggestive of a diffuse encephalopathy” (Markand,\r\n1990, p. 181) (e.g., with systemic metabolic disorders like renal or hepatic\r\ndisorders, hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia, or with cerebral insults).&nbsp; A\r\ngeneral rule (Hughes, 1994) is that anyone from age 8 through centenarians\r\nshould have an alpha background rhythm of at least 8 Hz.&nbsp;Wu and Liu (1995)\r\nonly found 1% of healthy adults to have a dominant rhythm of 8 Hz. Occasionally\r\na sub-harmonic to alpha is found at ½ the individual’s alpha frequency, and\r\noccasionally a fast alpha variant will walk into your clinic, at 13+ Hz. You\r\nwill know it is alpha, because this 14-15 Hz rhythm will block to eye opening,\r\nand it is only found in about 3.6% of the population (Brazier &amp; Finesinger,\r\n1944).&nbsp;Above average\r\nmean alpha levels may suggest hypervigilance, high intelligence (Gasser, Von\r\nLucadou-Muller Verleger, &amp; Bacher, 1983) good memory (Klimesch, Doppelmayr,\r\nSchimke, &amp; Pachinger, 1996), and a fast processing rate.&nbsp; Worst case,\r\nthese are the individuals who can spin into delusional thinking and flights of\r\nfancy, where their grip on reality is loose. </p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The\r\nalpha rhythm may also increase with increased body temperature (Gundel, 1984)\r\nor hyperthyroidism.&nbsp; The 10-14 Hz range seemed to be important during\r\nintellectual activity.&nbsp; Alpha frequency is positively correlated to\r\ncognitive performance, speed of information processing, and is significantly\r\nhigher in individuals with good memory performance (Klimesch, 1999).</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328785\">Alpha Amplitude</a></h3>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The highest\r\namplitude of alpha is found in the occipital area and is generally below 50\r\nmicrovolts (µV).&nbsp; Amplitudes of 20-60 µV have been found in 66% of people,\r\nwhile amplitudes below 20 µV are found in 28%, and above 60 µV in 6% (Simonova\r\net al., 1967).&nbsp; Children have higher amplitudes than adults (50-60 µV) and\r\n9% of children (ages 1-15) have amplitudes of 100 µV or higher (Petersen &amp;\r\nEeg-Olofsson, 1971).&nbsp; </p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">An inverse\r\nrelationship exists between the frequency of alpha and alpha amplitude (Brazier\r\n&amp; Finesinger, 1944).&nbsp; About 7%-9% of adults have a “low-voltage\r\nrecord,” consisting of amplitudes under 20 µV (Markand, 1990), which may or may\r\nnot display alpha activity.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Klimesch (1999) has found that upper band alpha power (10-12Hz) decreases\r\nduring semantic processing (i.e. talking)&nbsp; and theta power increases\r\nduring episodic memory retrieval. Klimesch (1999) also found that a low\r\ntheta/alpha ratio during resting state predicts good cognitive and memory\r\nperformance, while , while under task, a large increase in theta power\r\n(synchronization) and a significant decrease in alpha power (desynchronization)\r\nis associated with good cognitive/memory performance.&nbsp; In relation to\r\ntheta activity, it should be noted that Klimesch finds that theta\r\nsynchronization occurs in a narrow frequency band in the range of the peak\r\ntheta frequency, whereas there is a second, inefficient form of theta\r\nsynchronization associated with large, but irregular activity.&nbsp; Klimesch\r\n(1999) concluded:</p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><i>Large scale alpha synchronization\r\nblocks information processing because very large populations of neurons\r\noscillate with the same phase and frequency.&nbsp; In contrast, alpha\r\ndesynchronization reflects actual cognitive processes because different\r\nneuronal networks start to oscillate at different frequencies and with\r\ndifferent phases (p. 190).</i></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Synchronous,\r\npersistent alpha is expected with eyes closed—this is effectively the brain\r\n“twiddling its thumbs.“ However, when eyes are open, alpha ought to diminish.\r\nIf it does not, especially if it is predominantly seen on one side, the individual\r\nought to consult a neurologist.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328786\">Alpha Asymmetry</a></h3><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">When\r\nalpha frequency is slower by 1 Hz or more (and localized in one hemisphere), it\r\nmay indicate a focal abnormality (Markand, 1990) warranting a neurological\r\nconsult; a difference of 1.5 Hz or more is particularly worrisome (Duffy, et\r\nal., 1989).&nbsp; &nbsp;Any hemispheric amplitude&nbsp;difference in alpha between\r\nthe two sides of more than 50% is considered significant (Hughes, 1994), Furthermore,\r\nbecause alpha rhythm is usually of higher amplitude on the right side (for\r\nright-handed people), a decrease of even 35% on the right may be significant\r\n(Duffy et al., 1989).&nbsp; Lastly, Frontal asymmetries in alpha have been\r\nfound to be significant markers in depression.</span></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328787\">Alpha\r\nPeak Frequency</a></h3>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Alpha\r\nis considered the predominant idling rhythm in adults, however theta is the\r\npredominant rhythm in children until ages 10 - 13, when alpha becomes the more\r\npredominant rhythm. Slow brainwave activity (&lt;8hz) continues to decline in\r\nthe EEG until the late twenties. Alpha peak frequency speeds up as be age: 6 Hz\r\nat one year of age, 8 Hz range by age 3, reaching 10 Hz by about age 10\r\n(Niedermeyer, 1999b).&nbsp; </p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Beginning\r\nin the later 50\'s, there is a gradual decrease in alpha frequency, most likely\r\ndue to pathology such as diminished vascular flow to the brain.&nbsp; However,\r\nalpha rhythm will remain above 9 Hz in healthy elderly subjects who do not have\r\nsystemic or neurologic problems (Markand, 1990).&nbsp; Katz and Horowitz (1982)\r\nreported an average alpha frequency of 9.8 Hz in individuals in their 70\'s,\r\nwhile Hubbard et al. (1976) found a mean alpha frequency of 8.6 in 10\r\nindividuals between the ages of 100 and 105 years of age.&nbsp; Alpha frequency\r\nis lowered in dementia patients.</p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Hlk525201212\">Alpha peak frequency is the subject’s “idling rate”; every adult\r\nhas their own dominant alpha frequency, which typically falls between 9 Hz and\r\n11 Hz. Average alpha peak frequency is about 9 to 9.5 Hz. A 10Hz alpha peak\r\nfrequency indicates a mind that is capable of processing 10 packets of data per\r\nsecond—an apt analogy is that of a camera with a fast shutter speed. The speed\r\nindicates the capability of the photographer to get a clear, high quality shot.</a> A fast alpha\r\npeak frequency is a sign of a facile mind that has the capability to process\r\ndata quickly. In the case of ruminations or obsessions, this asset can work\r\ntowards unwanted focus or preoccupation, although it is not the cause of the\r\nsymptoms, but rather a facilitator of fast processing.</p><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328788\">Alpha Blocking</a></h3>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Hlk529261354\">Alpha is thought to be the brainwave that enacts feelings\r\nof being in the “flow,” of being in the “zone,” or of being present. During the\r\nproduction of alpha, we generally are fixed on one task, meditation, or sight.\r\nWe are typically not dealing with thoughts that would otherwise busy the mind\r\n(i.e. monkey mind type of thoughts). When someone closes their eyes and does\r\nnot produce alpha it is considered alpha blocking, which can indicate an\r\ninability to relax and calm down. I will often explain the inability or\r\nresistance to producing alpha a “white knuckling” with eyes closed—or a\r\nvigilance that remains on, in fear of letting down.</a><a name=\"_Toc525053829\">\r\nIn cases like these, the ability to calm, to self sooth, the quiet otherwise\r\ntroublesome thoughts, might not come as easily as it would to one’s peers</a>. </p><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328789\">Temporal\r\nLobe Alpha</a></h3>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Hlk39003886\"></a><a name=\"_Hlk523168276\"></a><a name=\"_Hlk526143762\"></a><a name=\"_Hlk525136443\">The\r\nappearance of alpha at the temporal leads is most easily seen in a Laplacian\r\nmontage. “Excess Temporal Lobe Alpha” (TLA) classification is used when\r\nevidence exists that the temporal lobe generates abnormal amounts of alpha. TLA\r\nsuggests frontal lobe disengagement which results in temporal lobe idling and suggests\r\nan affective perceptual problem, prosodic comprehension difficulty, and even a\r\ndeficit in spatial reasoning</a>. </p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">It is important to accurately determine the source of the alpha\r\nand to rule out alpha contamination from posterior regions. Alpha contamination\r\noccurs when occipital and parietal alpha spreads into EEG sensors placed in the\r\ntemporal lobe region, creating the illusion of temporal lobe and frontal lobe\r\nalpha (due to ear reference contamination) (Hammond &amp; Gunkelman, 2001). </p><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328790\">Trauma Marker Alpha</a></h3>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">With eyes open, when\r\nwe see the appearance of alpha gating at T6, which has been found to be a\r\ncommon finding in soldiers who have even been in active combat. TLA suggests\r\nfrontal lobe disengagement which results in temporal lobe idling. At the\r\nlocation of T6 this excessive gating is often seen in individuals dealing with\r\ntrauma or anxiety.&nbsp; </p><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Temporal Lobe Alpha in Raw EEG data</h4><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Temporal%20Lobe%20Alpha.png\" alt=\"Temporal Lobe Alpha\" width=\"1270\" height=\"1312\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\"><br><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(55, 71, 79); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;; font-size: 1.715rem;\">Temporal Lobe Alpha in qEEG data&nbsp;</span><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Temporal%20Lobe%20Alpha%20QEEG.png\" alt=\"Temporal Lobe ALpha in QEEG\" width=\"633\" height=\"405\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\" style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;\"></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328791\" style=\"color: rgb(55, 71, 79); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;; font-size: 1.715rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Anteriorized\r\nAlpha</a><br></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Anteriorized\r\nalpha can mean there is a heightened degree of vigilance, as well as an\r\naffect-regulatory issue. This would be reflected in depressive and motivational\r\nissues. However, frontal alpha in the EEG may reflect drowsiness, as well. Lastly, this is a common finding in individuals who habitually smoke marijuana.</p><p></p><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328792\">Hypercoherent Alpha</a></h3><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p></p><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Image of Hypercoherent Alpha from WINEEG</h4><p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Alpha%20Coherence%20Issues.png\" alt=\"Alpha Coherence Issues\" width=\"291\" height=\"270\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\" style=\"text-align: left;\"></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p></p><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Mu Rhythm</h3><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a name=\"_Hlk39004292\">Mu rhythm &nbsp;is a\r\nmonomorphic “wicket rhythm” and is often a tick faster than the individual’s\r\nalpha peak frequency (i.e. if one’s alpha peak is at 10Hz, they would present\r\nmu at 11+ hz typically). Mu always presents in C3 and C4, over the sensory\r\nmotor cortex, when the mirror neurons are not engaged. Mu is an indication of frontal\r\nlobe disengagement.</a></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">As a baby, mirror neurons enable us\r\nto mimic our parents, and “motherese” (a parent’s repeating the “goo -goo” and\r\n“gaa-gaa” of babies) enables us to learn speech sounds. We learn all these\r\nthings by mimicking. Burgoon\r\n(1985): 60% of human communication is non-verbal and mu is a sign that\r\nnon-verbal communication is not being seen or perceived by the brain.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Mimicking and mirroring speech is controlled by the brain’s\r\nfrontal central loop and central-temporal loop (The temporals allow for the\r\nperceptual comprehension of the mimicry). The right-hand side of the sensory\r\nmotor strip of the brain (C4) is responsible for mimicking impressions and the\r\nemotional tone of speech, as well as integrate empathy, and emotion. Mirror\r\nneurons on the left (C3) lay down language. Oxytoxin is for social bonding and\r\noxytocin attenuates mu.&nbsp; Oxytocin is a\r\nhormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary, which plays a role in social bonding,\r\nsexual reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth. &nbsp;When we are creating oxytocin, we cannot\r\ncreate mu. </p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">If you suspect mu and you ask your patient to wiggle their\r\nfingers, the presence of mu will disappear. <b>&nbsp;</b>It is noteworthy that Mu is present in 70%\r\nof the autistic population, whereas only 15% of the fully normal population has mu and 50% of the ADHD\r\npopulation have it, as well as 50% of Affective Disorders.<b></b></p><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Mu Rhythm in Raw EEG</h4><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Mu%20Rhythm.png\" alt=\"Mu Rhythm\" width=\"788\" height=\"1105\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(55, 71, 79); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;; font-size: 1.286rem;\">qEEG of Mu Rhythm</span><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Mu%20Rhythm%20in%20QEEG.png\" alt=\"Mu Rhythm in QEEG\" width=\"663\" height=\"553\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_text-bottom\"><br></p><p></p><h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Raw qEEG representation of mu (red box) and harmonic of mu\r\n(green box)</h4><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Mu%20rhythm%20raw.png\" alt=\"Mu Rhythm Raw\" width=\"571\" height=\"661\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\" style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;\"></p><p></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Mu in 17\r\nyear-old girl, Z-Scores&nbsp; &nbsp;</h4><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;</span><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Mu%20Rhythm%20in%20individual%20Hz%20Bins.png\" alt=\"Mu Rhythm in Individual Hz Bins\" width=\"715\" height=\"650\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\" style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;\"></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a name=\"_Toc29328794\">Beta (1, 2, 3)</a></h2>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a name=\"_Hlk535906617\"></a><a name=\"_Hlk529253653\"></a><a name=\"_Hlk525201352\">Beta\r\noccurs from local groups of pyramidal neurons synchronize; beta &nbsp;is a cortico-cortical frequency (which means\r\nits origin is the bark of the brain, the cortex). Beta ranges from Beta 1\r\n(12-15Hz) Beta 2 (15-18Hz), Beta 3(18-25Hz), and High Beta (25-30 Hz)</a>\r\n(some cap beta as high as 40Hz). <a name=\"_Hlk521998265\">Beta </a>predominantly occurs in the frontocentral areas\r\nof the brain, usually with an amplitude of 30µV or less and is symmetrical This is the brainwave of our normal waking\r\nconsciousness and encompasses all executive functioning, such as making plans,\r\nacting, and problem-solving. Beta II is at work much of the time that we are\r\nprocessing details, comprehending, and making meaning. Beta III is shown during\r\nperiods of high focus and engagement. When pathological, beta often appears in\r\nhigh amplitude, often indicating stress, anxiety, fear, and worry. It is beta\r\nthat allows us to determine what makes us up, who we are, what we believe in\r\n(and do not believe in), and all other components of our identity. It might be\r\nargued that the other frequencies inform our ego state (and they do), but our\r\nprimary mode of thought is in beta. Individuals\r\nwith too much high amplitude beta are often those suffering from neurological\r\nconditions. Wise (1995) noted that “excessive amounts of beta can lead to great\r\npsychological discomfort” (p. 3).</p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Beta is active\r\nthought, active thinking. This signature suggests a brain that is having\r\ndifficulty calming down—there are indications of an hyperaroused or hyperalert\r\nstate. Of particular interest is the right frontotemporal&nbsp; cortex; it appears this is the origin of the\r\nhigh amplitude fast wave activity.&nbsp; This\r\narea contains most of the dopamine sensitive neurons in the human cortex, which\r\nare associated with reward, attention, planning, motivation, and short term memory.\r\nIt is bordered from behind with the pre-central gyrus, containing the primary\r\nmotor cortex, an area responsible for voluntary body movements.</p><h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Inflammation as seen in the EEG via high amplitude beta (raw data)</h4><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Beta%20in%20the%20EEGE.png\" alt=\"Beta in the EEG\" width=\"1022\" height=\"919\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></h4><h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></h4><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">qEEG for High Amplitude Beta signifying inflammation</h4><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;</span><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Inflammation.png\" alt=\"Inflammation\" width=\"703\" height=\"932\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\" style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;\"></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></p><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Spindling Beta</h3><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><u>Spindling beta</u></b> is associated with: </p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n<!--[endif]-->cortical irritability</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n<!--[endif]-->toxic encephalopathy</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n<!--[endif]-->epilepsy</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n<!--[endif]-->pre-epileptic auras </p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n<!--[endif]-->benzo toxicity</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n<!--[endif]-->10% of ADD &amp; ADHD </p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n<!--[endif]-->Affective disorders, &amp;</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n<!--[endif]-->Bipolar disorders</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Very often beta of this morphology\r\nand frequency acts as a stabilizing rhythm, or as a compensatory frequency for\r\na less stable EEG. Beta Spindles arrive in EEG as sleep spindles, as a\r\nstabilizing rhythm, to prevent one from awakening. &nbsp;Spindling beta represents a\r\nnonspecific indicator of cortical dysfunction or encephalopathy when <u>determined\r\n<b><i>not</i></b>\r\nto be a medication effect</u>. Beta spindles often correlate with an overall\r\nanxious demeanor characterized by frequent and intense ruminative thinking.\r\nSpindling beta is hyper synchronous and is indicative of central nervous system\r\nhyperarousal. Spindling beta is also associated with cortical irritability,\r\ntoxic encephalopathy, epilepsy, pre-epileptic auras, and benzodiazepine\r\ntoxicity. It also indicates a wakefulness drive, making maintaining sleep more\r\ndifficult (either difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep). This waveform\r\nis kindled easily and is common in bi-polar, anxiety, insomnia, as well as\r\nimpulsivity. </p><h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></h4><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Benzodiazepine-induced Spindling beta (raw data)</h4><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Benzodiazepine%20Toxicity.png\" alt=\"Benzodiazepine Toxicity\" width=\"1036\" height=\"923\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\" style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;\"></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Spindling Beta of ADHD</h4><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">&nbsp;<img src=\"data:image/png;base64,[encoded data, 197672 characters]\" alt=\"\"><br></p><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><br></h4><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Fast Spindling Beta of Encephalopathy (Dengue Fever)</h4><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img src=\"data:image/png;base64,[encoded data, 71792 characters]