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INSERT INTO `mdl_book_chapters` VALUES (5,4,1,0,'Joe Kamiya','<p></p><h4><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\">At the University of Chicago (1962), the first EEG biofeedback study&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\">was\r\nconducted by Dr. Joe Kamiya, which entailed the first recognition of\r\nself-regulated brainwaves. The study was set up to see if an individual could recognize alpha brainwaves (8-12 Hz) (Robbins, 2000).&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\">During\r\nthe study, conducted over the course of 4 days, Kamiya had a student, who\'s ability to recognize the alpha state went from a&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\">50%\r\nsuccess rate to an incredible&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\">99.5% success rate. The experiment was set so that, upon the sound of a&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\">tone,\r\nthe student would say “yes” if he felt he was in alpha, and “no” when he felt\r\nhe was&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\">not,\r\nresponses which Kamiya would either confirm or disconfirm. By the fourth day, the subject&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\">was\r\nin such disbelief at the accuracy of his answers, that he intentionally gave\r\none&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\">incorrect\r\nanswer to being in alpha, to which Kamiya replied his first “no.”</span><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\">&nbsp;In the second part of the study, participants were told to go into an alpha state when the bell rang once, and to not be in the state when the bell rang twice. Some subjects were able to enter the state on command and others were not able to control this level of their psychophysiology.&nbsp; Nevertheless,\r\nthe results were significant and very attractive. Alpha states were connected\r\nwith relaxation, and alpha training had the possibility to alleviate stress and\r\nstress-related conditions.&nbsp;This experiment&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\">had revolutionary implications for the field of\r\nneuroscience; it was the first proof that a human could recognize brainwave states--which would lead to our ability to volitionally control them.</span></h4><h4><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\"><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Joe%20Kamiya.png\" alt=\"Joe Kamiya\" width=\"400\" height=\"358\" class=\"atto_image_button_middle\"></span><br></h4><p><span style=\"color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif;\"><br></span></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">The\r\nformal birth of biofeedback occurred in 1969, culminating from unifying&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">developments\r\nin applied psychophysiology and self-regulation in the fields of&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">psychology,\r\nneurophysiology, cybernetics, and medicine. The evolution of the field was&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">from\r\na community of researchers who recognized their common ground, thought to be&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">born\r\nof an awareness, which emerged from the Zeitgeist of biofeedback (Gaarder,\r\n1979).</span></p><h4>See the description of the birth of biofeedback in Joe\'s own words:&nbsp;</h4><br><a href=\"https://youtu.be/QbNonjGul7U\">Joe Kamiya describes the Birth of Biofeedback</a><br><br><p>Kamiya’s efforts supported\r\nthe hypothesis that increasing alpha could lead to decreases in state and trait\r\nanxiety (Hardt &amp; Kamiya, 1978). Joe Hart, one of his grad students,\r\npresented what may be the first paper on the topic at the Society for Psychophysiological\r\nResearch in San Diego in October 1967 (Budzynski, 1999)</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the wake of Kamiya’s\r\nresearch, the first meeting of biofeedback professionals occurred as part of\r\nthe 1968 International Brain and Behavior Conference in Colorado. During this\r\nperiod, Barbara Brown began to popularize biofeedback. Her books, \"New\r\nMind New Body\" and \"Stress and the Art of Biofeedback\",\r\nsignificantly increased public awareness with regard to biofeedback and\r\nneurofeedback. The following year, she helped initiate the first specific\r\nmeeting of biofeedback researchers; it was held in Santa Monica,\r\nCalifornia—with 142 people attending. At this meeting the attendees decided to\r\nname their group, The Biofeedback Research Society. Later it changed to\r\nBiofeedback Society of America. Then it became the Association for Applied\r\nPsychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB). The AAPB is still an active trade organization for the field of Neurofeedback and an excellent annual conference for any and all practitioners to attend. It allows for colleagues to become friends and connections to be made.&nbsp;</p><p><a href=\"https://www.aapb.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1\">S<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">ee the AAPB\'s Website here.</span></a></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A large amount of research\r\nstarted to emerge on the topic among the participants including: Joe Kamiya,\r\nJoe Hart, Barbara Brown, Thomas Mulholland, Erik Peper, Elmer and Alyce Green,\r\nDale Walters, Ken Gaarder, and Johann Sotyva (Budzynski, 1999). In 1993, Ken\r\nTachiki, Jim Smith, and Bob Grove organized a meeting on Catalina Island of\r\nthose individuals who had a growing interest in the field of neurofeedback. It\r\nwas held immediately before the 1993 AAPB meeting and formed a new section for\r\nneurofeedback. This section eventually evolved into the Society for the Study\r\nof Neuronal Regulation which today is known as the ISNR or International\r\nSociety for Neurofeedback and Research.</p>Today, the ISNR is the second (and just as popular) trade organization for the field of neurotherapy, and they also hold an annual conference. Another must attend event for new and old practitioners alike. The tribe of people at these gatherings is an experience in and of itself. <a href=\"https://isnr.org/\">See the ISNR\'s Website here.</a><br><p></p>',1,0,1612549925,1654220515,''),(6,4,2,0,'Barry Sterman','<h4>Meet Barry Sterman</h4>\r\n<p><iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/509057039?badge=0&amp;autopause=0&amp;player_id=0&amp;app_id=58479\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\" title=\"STERMAN - Introduction\"></iframe></p>\r\n<p><br></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><br></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Barry%20Sterman.png\" alt=\"Barry Sterman\" width=\"179\" height=\"300\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">Th<span>e field of neurofeedback owes a debt of gratitude to the preliminary research and findings to Dr. Barry Sterman, who was prolific in&nbsp;</span>his work creating and establishing clinical applications\r\n    for neurofeedback. After earning a Ph.D. in Psychology and Neuroscience from the University of California Los Angeles in 1963, Dr. Sterman began his research in the area of the effect of EEG changes in the sensorimotor cortex along a neurological\r\n    model line of investigation at the Department of Psychiatry at UCLA,&nbsp;which ultimately led to the discovery of an effective treatment for a variety of neurological conditions including<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;epilepsy</span><a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\" title=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 1rem;\">[2]</a><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">\r\n</span><a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\" title=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 1rem;\">[3]</a><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,</span><a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\" title=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 1rem;\">[4]</a>\r\n    <span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">. The sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) is rhythmic activity between 12 and 16 hertz that can be recorded from an area near the sensorimotor cortex. SMR is found in waking states and is very similar if not identical to the sleep spindles that are recorded\r\n        in the NREM2 stage of sleep.&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Sterman\'s breakthrough experimentation was in training the sensory motor frequency in the brains of cats. . The initial experiment tested thirty cats that had been placed in cages without access to food. These cats\' brains had eletrodes placed in them and, for this experiment, each cat was taken out, one at a time and placed in a room with an empty bowl and a lever.&nbsp;</span></p><div>\r\n    <p><span>When the cat pressed the lever with its paw, milk and chicken broth would be poured into the empty bowl. The cats began to learn right away what needed to be done to obtain food. Then the experiment was varied slightly by adding a tonal sound. Whenever the sound was occurring, the cats would not receive food when they pushed the lever. When the sound stopped, the cats could then press the lever and get the desired reward. It was in this very phase of the experiment that Dr. Sterman noticed the mental state of the cats as they waited for the tone to be over. The cats stayed very still, however their brains were very alert.&nbsp;</span><span>The EEG interpreted this state as a rhythm frequency of 12Hz to 15Hz over a certain part of the brain called the sensorimotor strip.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n    <p><span>Dr. Sterman began to wonder if he could effectively train the cats to produce this type of frequency on their own when they chose to do so. For the next experiment, the lever was eliminated and the cats were given food if they produced the desired frequency range of 12 - 15Hz&nbsp; for half a second. Soon enough, the cats were able to produce these desired frequencies at will. This experiment was the first time someone was able to prove that brain behavior could be changed and affected by EEG conditioning, a huge discovery in the field of neurofeedback. In 1967, these findings were published in Brain Research, a highly regarded medical journal.</span></p>\r\n    <p>While Sterman’s research results were fascinating, he had no idea if the SMR work had any application in the real world.&nbsp; Shortly after the SMR experiment, Sterman was asked by NASA to conduct some experiments on a rocket fuel called monomethylhydrazine\r\n        (MMH).&nbsp;&nbsp; NASA found that when workers and astronauts came in contact with the substance it caused hallucinations, nausea, severe epileptic seizures, and eventually death.&nbsp; These new experiments were completely unrelated to the previous\r\n        SMR experiments.</p>\r\n    <p>Sterman brought in 50 cats for the new study.&nbsp; Each animal was injected with 10mg of the rocket fuel and their brains were wired to an EEG to measure their reaction.&nbsp; A few minutes after the injection all of the cats vomited, made noises,\r\n        salivated and panted.&nbsp; After one hour all but 10 of the cats went into grand mal epileptic seizures.&nbsp; For some reason 10 of the cats were resistant to the seizures – but why?&nbsp; As it turned out, the seizure resistant cats were left\r\n        over from the previous SMR experiment.&nbsp; Sterman came to realize that by teaching the cats to produce SMR in the previous experiment, he strengthened their brain function.&nbsp; The cat’s seizure threshold had been increased; the brains were\r\n        now functionally altered so as to prevent the seizures.&nbsp;&nbsp;These studies clearly demonstrated that the effects of SMR neurofeedback were clearly physiological and not placebo.</p>\r\n    <p>The next step was to try to apply this to humans, so new experiments began. Dr. Sterman hooked up subjects to neurofeedback equipment, and when the subject produced SMR, a green light went on. When the patient was not producing SMR, a red light went\r\n        on instead. The subject was given instructions to keep the green light on and the red light off.&nbsp; The results over time showed a 65% reduction in grand mal seizures, a huge improvement and massive discovery for the future of treatment for\r\n        seizure disorders like epilepsy.&nbsp;</p>\r\n    <p>Today, Dr. Sterman is Professor Emeritus in the departments of Neurobiology and Behavioral Psychiatry at UCLA. He has written 6 books about operant conditioning in humans and animals, over 30 chapters in other books, over 100 articles, and is a frequent\r\n        and sought-after lecturer on neuromodulation, the physiological process where a single neuron uses neurotransmitters to regulate various groups of neurons.</p><br><br clear=\"all\">\r\n\r\n    <hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\">\r\n\r\n    <!--[endif]-->\r\n\r\n    <div id=\"ftn1\">\r\n\r\n        <p>\r\n            <a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\" title=\"\">\r\n                <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]\r\n                <!--[endif]-->\r\n            </a>\r\n            Sterman, M.B.; Clemente, C.D. (1962). \"Forebrain inhibitory mechanisms: cortical synchronization induced by basal forebrain stimulation\". <i>Exp\r\nNeurol</i> 6: 91–102. doi:10.1016/0014-4886(62)90080-8. PMID&nbsp;13916975.</p>\r\n\r\n    </div>\r\n\r\n    <div id=\"ftn2\">\r\n\r\n        <p>\r\n            <a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\" title=\"\">\r\n                <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]\r\n                <!--[endif]-->\r\n            </a> Sterman, M.B.; Friar, L. (1972). \"Suppression of seizures in an epileptic following sensorimotor EEG feedback training\". <i>Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol</i> 33 (1): 89–95. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(72)90028-4. PMID&nbsp;4113278.&nbsp;\r\n        </p>\r\n\r\n    </div>\r\n\r\n    <div id=\"ftn3\">\r\n\r\n        <p>\r\n            <a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\" title=\"\">\r\n                <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]\r\n                <!--[endif]-->\r\n            </a>\r\n            Sterman, M.B. (2000). \"Basic concepts and clinical findings in the treatment of seizure disorders with EEG operant conditioning\". <i>Clin\r\nElectroencephalogr</i> 31 (1): 45–55. PMID&nbsp;10638352</p>\r\n\r\n    </div>\r\n\r\n    <div id=\"ftn4\">\r\n\r\n        <p>\r\n            <a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\" title=\"\">\r\n                <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]\r\n                <!--[endif]-->\r\n            </a> Lubar, J.F.; Swartwood, M.O.; Swartwood, J.N.; O\'Donnell, P.H. (1995). \"Evaluation of the effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback training for ADHD in a clinical setting as measured by changes in TOVA scores, behavioral ratings, and WISC-R performance\".\r\n            <i>Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</i> 20 (1): 83–99. http://www.springerlink.com/index/L2213885102N16W6.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-05.&nbsp; </p>\r\n\r\n    </div>\r\n\r\n</div><br>\r\n<p></p>\r\n\r\n<p><br></p><br>\r\n<p></p>',1,0,1612550203,1654220586,''),(7,4,3,0,'Joel Lubar','<p></p>\r\n<h4>Meet Joel Lubar.</h4>\r\n<p><iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/517278387?badge=0&amp;autopause=0&amp;player_id=0&amp;app_id=58479\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\" title=\"LUBAR - A Brief Biography of Joel Lubar\"></iframe></p>\r\n<p><br></p>\r\n<h4>Joel Lubar\'s Accomplishments</h4>\r\n<iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/517282095?badge=0&amp;autopause=0&amp;player_id=0&amp;app_id=58479\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\" title=\"LUBAR - Proud Accomplishments\"></iframe><br><br><br>\r\n\r\n<p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Joel%20Lubar.png\" alt=\"Joel Lubar\" width=\"400\" height=\"454\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">Dr. Joel Lubar studied the effects of lesions and stimulation\r\n    on animal brains in his early career (early 1960s to mid 1990s).&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">In 1972, he had already\r\nbeen studying ADD/ADHD for several years when he came across the published\r\nworks of Dr. Barry Sterman.&nbsp; As aforementioned, Sterman had been working\r\nwith epileptics, training them with neurofeedback to help reduce the frequency\r\nof grand mal seizures. He sought to duplicate Barry\'s work&nbsp; on human subjects with epilepsy and did so, in work published in the </span><i style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Archives of Neurology</i><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"> (1981). When Lubar read about Sterman’s work, he realized that\r\nthere was an application to his work with ADD/ADHD patients.&nbsp; Lubar\r\nstates:</span></p>\r\n\r\n<p>“Sterman’s paper said there is a brain wave frequency known as SMR that may be dysfunctional in epileptics, and when that rhythm is partially restored, a resistance to seizures occurs.&nbsp; As soon as I read that, I said, ‘My God, I think this will work\r\n    for controlling hyperactivity in children because the circuitry is very similar.’ If you could quiet the motor responses for epileptics, then quieting the motor responses in hyperactive children should be a piece of cake.”</p>\r\n<p>At the time, ADHD went by the name \"minimal brain dysfunction syndrome,\" later to be called hyper kinetic disorder (now Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder). Joel then published a paper with Margaret Shouse showing that training up SMR rhythms while\r\n    training down theta rhythms led to significant improvements in ADHD behaviors. One of his earliest observations was about the theta beta ratio, finding that individuals with inattentive ADHD showed significantly higher theta/beta ratios than normal\r\n    controls, and the ratio decreased as a function of age.&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Lubar (1991) laid the foundation for the\r\nconcept of the theta/beta power ratio as a measure that could discriminate\r\n“normal” children from children with ADD, learning disorders and ADHD (Lubar,\r\n1991).&nbsp;</span>This initial observation of the theta beta ratio was not intended by Lubar to be a diagnostic marker for ADHD, but it has become a standard diagnostic, approved by the American Academy of Pediatrics, as well as the US Food and Drug\r\n    Administration, for the diagnosis of ADHD.</p>\r\n\r\n<p></p>\r\n<div>Today, excess theta and elevated TBR have been found favorable predictors for treatment outcome to stimulant medication (Arns, Gunkelman, Breteler, &amp; Spronk, 2008; Clarke, Barry, McCarthy, Selikowitz, &amp; Croft, 2002; Suffin &amp; Emory, 1995) and\r\n    neurofeedback (Arns et al., 2012; Monastra, Monastra, &amp; George, 2002), thereby demonstrating the prognostic value of this measure (assuming a slow alpha peak frequency is ruled out (Arns et al., 2008; Lansbergen, Arns, van Dongen Boomsma, Spronk,\r\n    &amp; Buitelaar, 2011). B<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">ased\r\non studies, the excess theta and TBR is found in a substantial subgroup of\r\npatients with ADHD (25%-40%) and has been demonstrated to be of prognostic\r\nvalue in predicting treatment outcome to stimulant medication and\r\nneurofeedback.</span></div>\r\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><br></span></div>\r\n<div>However, even with the success, reliability and duplicability the theta-beta ratio has had as a marker of ADHD, Lubar has made it clear that it is only a correlated measure. In his words: \"Unfortunately, the theta-beta ratio, which is being used universally in many\r\n    studies and practices, has been interpreted as a diagnostic criterion, which it absolutely is not!\" In addition, he states \"there are many other factors that can cause a high theta beat ratio, such as poor sleep quality, which is often the case with many individuals\r\n    with ADD--ADHD, [as well as] time of day, the measures taken, and possibly nutritional, possibly endocrinological, and a variety of other factors\" (Lubar, 2020).&nbsp;</div>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<p>And, finally, in a 2013 meta-analysis of 9 studies on the theta-beta ratio in ADHD, Martijn Arns and colleagues found that this ratio is ultimately unreliable. The below graphic shows the following results:&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Two age groups are presented:\r\nyounger children (age 6–13; A) and all children (age 6–18; B). Theta/beta ratio\r\n(TBR) means and standard deviations are presented. The 9 studies are shown chronologically as\r\npublished. Note how the differences between ADHD and controls narrowed over\r\ntime, and how much scatter is seen in TBR measurements among studies of younger\r\nchildren. From Arns et al.&nbsp; (2013).</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/THETA%20BETA%20RATIO.png\" alt=\"THETA BETA RATIO\" width=\"700\" height=\"432\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\"><br></span></p><br>\r\n<p></p>',1,0,1612559538,1655223043,''),(8,4,4,0,'Margaret Ayers','<p></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Margaret%20Ayers.jpg\" alt=\"Margaret Ayers\" width=\"334\" height=\"360\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">When Margaret Ayers was 17, she read the autobiography of Sri Aurobindo, a well -known yogi who reached states of Samadhi (a perfected state) in meditation. Meditation (presumably the first form of neurofeedback) was reported by the yogis before the birth of Christ to be means through which they could control their own brainwaves and bloodflow.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">In her early career, Margaret developed her own software that allowed for 250,000 samples of EEG data per seconds to be amplified and she began to analyze brainwaves. In 2007, she published a book called \"Whispers from the Brain\" which illustrated patterns in 19 medical conditions.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Around\r\nthe same time Joel Lubar was working in Barry Sterman’s lab, Margret Ayers was also\r\na lab assistant working under Barry Sterman. She had already earned a\r\nbachelor’s degree in microbiology and a masters degree in psychology. In\r\nSterman’s lab, Ayers assisted him with neurofeedback on a young female\r\nquadripelic. By the time they were done, this woman could feed herself.&nbsp; She also did four years of doctoral work in\r\nclinical neuropsychology in Barry’s lab, but never wrote her dissertation\r\nbecause it was blocked by Sterman. After this devastating blow, Ayers struck\r\nout on her own to develop equipment and protocols to train the general\r\npopulation (Robbins, 1999; Budzynski, 1999). She proved very successful.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Here is Siegfried Othmer\'s experience with his own son, Bryan, who suffered from epilepsy, and their initial interactions and successes with Margaret.</span></p><iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/517285621?h=4109831c1b&amp;color=13979b&amp;title=0&amp;portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"></iframe>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Many of Margaret\'s protocols involved consideration of the thalamic nucleus that controlled either the symptom the patient was reporting, or the non-thalamic part of the brain that controlled the symptom. She would look to the area of the brain that the thalamic nucleus projected and place sensors over the cortical sites. Margaret\'s main protocols involved inhibiting theta frequency band activity and observing beta amplitudes movement to normal levels.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Of all things, Margaret may be best known for her work with patients in coma. She attempted to bring 42 people out of a coma within three days time from the start of training and she succeeded in 40 of the 42. Neurofeedback training could not last more than 3-5 minutes each time, so as to not fatigue the patient. She would wait 2 - 4 hours and then do another session. This work carried around the clock (the patient\'s sleep schedule was not based on time of day, but rather their own rhythms in coma, and their EEG would reveal if they were asleep and not to be trained/disturbed). According to her partner Penny Montgomery, in the book \"Neurofeedback: The First 50 years\" the process went as follows:</span></p>\r\n<div class=\"editor-indent\" style=\"margin-left: 30px;\">\r\n    <div class=\"editor-indent\" style=\"margin-left: 30px;\">\r\n        <p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"></span></p>\r\n    </div>\r\n    </div>\r\n    <div class=\"editor-indent\" style=\"margin-left: 30px;\">\r\n        <p><i>Since it was an around the clock procedure, we tag-teamed the patient, so as to use every minute of opportunity in the brief time we were on the scene. She would record the brainwaves, using her machine, over several of the 10-20 electrode sites, until the area of the brain with the most voltage in the beta frequency band of 15 - 18 Hz was located </i>[a\r\n            bipolar placement with the anterior electrode as reference and the posterior electrode as the active]<i>. Many times it was behind the ear or further back. We would then place on e sensor over the place with the highest voltage and [another electrode] an inch or so toward the frontal lobe. We used two types of feedback: speakers on the clavicle bones to conduct the audio signal via bone vibration while the visual signal was a small green light he diameter of a dilated pupil that brightened with any increase in amplitude. WE began the feedback session by holding one of the patient\'s eyes open and pointing the \"coma light\" towards the open eye. The auditory signal was the bell sound that came from the speaker of the machine on the clavicles.&nbsp;</i></p>\r\n        <p><i>One of us would watch the patient and the other would watch the EEG on the machine\'s screen. Margaret was usually loudly cheering the patient on and encouraging family members present to join in. The goal was to inhibit theta activity over the site being measured, thus moving the beta activity a bit closer to the frontal lobe.. When the brainwave suggested fatigue (usually in 3 - 5 minutes), the session would be terminated and one of us would monitor the brainwaves between the sessions. We were looking for an increase in activity that suggested the patient was ready for another brief feedback session. That interim period often provided us with the opportunity to note the changes in brainwave patterns due to activity in the patient\'s room or someone talking within the patient\'s earshot. I spent a lot of time making notes int he patient\'s hospital chart about those observations. The overall goal of the procedure we used was to more Beta activity to the frontal lobe. Margaret knew that one of the primary jobs of the frontal lobe is initiation. She knew that if enough beta activity was moved to the frontal lobe a small step at a time, that when the frontal lobe contained enough Beta activity it would initiate awakening from the coma. This procedure worked amazingly well!</i></p>\r\n    </div>\r\n\r\n    <p>It is not debated in the field of neurotherapy that Margaret was a pioneer and a visionary. She established the first neurofeedback practice in the US in 1976. The field lost Margaret in 2008, one year after the publication of her book, when she lost\r\n        her health to Ischemic Bowel Disease.&nbsp;</p><br>\r\n    <p></p>',1,0,1612559609,1655223712,''),(9,4,8,0,'Thomas Budzynski','<p></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Thomas%20Budzynzki.jpeg\" alt=\"Thoms Budzynski\" width=\"300\" height=\"248\" class=\"atto_image_button_left\"></span></p><p><span style=\"\"><p style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><b>Thomas Hice Budzynski</b>&nbsp;(October 13, 1933 – February 14, 2011)&nbsp;was an American psychologist and a pioneer in the field of&nbsp;biofeedback, inventing one of the first&nbsp;electromyographic&nbsp;biofeedback&nbsp;training systems in the mid-1960s. In the early 1970s, he developed the Twilight Learner in collaboration with John Picchiottino. The Twilight Learner was one of the first neurotherapy systems.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Budzynski earned a BSEE at the&nbsp;University of Detroit&nbsp;and served as an aerospace inertial systems engineer on the SR-71 Blackbird project at&nbsp;Area 51. He later received a master\'s and a PhD in psychology.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Budzynski was a licensed&nbsp;psychologist&nbsp;in the State of&nbsp;Washington. He was an Affiliate Professor at the&nbsp;University of Washington&nbsp;in&nbsp;Seattle, where he also conducted&nbsp;neurotechnology&nbsp;research with his wife, Helen Kogan Budzynski. He conducted studies on the effects of audio-visual stimulation on the brain; the priming effects of&nbsp;binaural tones&nbsp;as measured by the&nbsp;EEG;&nbsp;chronic fatigue syndrome; and applications for&nbsp;chronic pain, enhanced academic performance, and the enhancement of&nbsp;cognitive processes&nbsp;in individuals with head injuries,&nbsp;learning disorders, and the&nbsp;elderly.</p><p style=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Budzynski\'s research and clinical findings were published in professional journals including: the Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis; Experimental &amp; Clinical Psychopharmacology;</span><span style=\"font-size: 10.5px;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">the Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry; Biofeedback and Self-Control; Biofeedback: Behavioral Medicine;&nbsp;Psychosomatic Medicine; the Journal of Dental Research; Biofeedback and Self-Regulation; Consciousness and Self-Regulation;&nbsp;Psychology Today;</span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;Somatics; Education; the Journal of Neurotherapy; Applied Neurophysiology and Brainwave Biofeedback;&nbsp;Clinical Neurophysiology; and&nbsp;NeuroImage.</span></p><p style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Budzynski gave lectures at conferences, including several Annual Meetings of the Biofeedback Research Society; Annual Meetings of the&nbsp;American Psychological Association; Annual Meetings of the&nbsp;Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback;&nbsp;Stanford University;&nbsp;University of Washington;&nbsp;Oxford University; the&nbsp;University of Munich; and the&nbsp;University of Düsseldorf, Germany.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Budzynski developed a series of Life Management&nbsp;subliminal&nbsp;and priming&nbsp;recordings. Applying his research on brainwave activity, he created peak performance tools utilizing research and theory on&nbsp;brain lateralization, lateralized emotions, dual track brain messaging,&nbsp;binaural beats, and priming. These techniques are used in coping with&nbsp;psychological stress&nbsp;and&nbsp;anxiety, as well as enhancing&nbsp;memory,&nbsp;self-confidence,&nbsp;self-esteem&nbsp;and&nbsp;relaxation.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">He maintained a private practice of neurofeedback, biofeedback, and&nbsp;psychotherapy&nbsp;in his clinic in&nbsp;Poulsbo,&nbsp;Washington.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Budzynski died suddenly of a heart attack on February 14, 2011.</p></span></p><p>See below a video interview of Budzynski from back in the day:</p><p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><a href=\"https://youtu.be/mzs2g9y8K5A\">https://youtu.be/mzs2g9y8K5A</a><br></span></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><br></span></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"></span></p><p><br></p><p> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n<h3><a name=\"medical\"></a>&nbsp;</h3><br><p></p>',1,0,1612559678,1621281907,''),(10,4,6,0,'Jay Gunkelman','<p></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Jay%20Gunkelman.jpg\" alt=\"Jay Gunkelman\" width=\"300\" height=\"359\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">Jay Gunkelman has become a name in the field of\r\n    neurotherapy that will go down in fame. By thus author\'s estimation, as well as many others, he is the world\'s leading EEG expert. He has read well over 500,000 EEGs in his time, likely closer to 750k or one million (since he stopped counting in\r\n    the early 90s).</p>\r\n<p>He was raised in Fargo, North Dakota, to a family that made a fortune in the seed business. Much of his biography is available to us in video format:&nbsp;</p>\r\n<iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/517343492?h=bf8f61733d&amp;color=13979b&amp;title=0&amp;portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"></iframe><br>\r\n<p>One of Jay\'s seminal contributions to the field has been he addition of common EEG patterns, what he calls the Phenotypes.&nbsp; Here is a short video on one of Jay\'s seminal theories, that of the 11 types of phenotypes:</p>\r\n<p><br></p>\r\n<iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/429426691?h=875f70a63c&amp;color=13979b&amp;title=0&amp;portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"></iframe>\r\n<p><br></p>\r\n<h3>Reading the Raw EEG</h3>\r\n<p>Jay was the first person to receive the Quantitative EEG Diplomacy status. He is the field\'s leading authority on reading the raw EEG. Jay has emphasized that because the QEEG map relies on a fast Fourier transform to understand the wavelets as frequencies, its application assumes a stable state, but fails to account for morphology, therefore,&nbsp; the understanding of the raw data is first and foremost to understanding a patient\'s symptomology.&nbsp; Chapter 6 on Patient / Client Assessment in this course covers, in depth,&nbsp; the raw EEG and morphological considerations of many disorders common to neurotherapy.</p>\r\n<p>Jay has been many students go-to guy for interpretation of the raw EEG throughout the course of his career. He is now retired, living in Suisun City, California, although he still sees mentees online to go over raw EEGs.&nbsp;</p><br>\r\n<p></p>',1,0,1612559772,1655225337,''),(11,4,5,0,'Siegfried and Sue Othmer ','<p></p>\r\n<p><br><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Sue%20and%20Siegfried%20Othmer.jpg\" alt=\"Sue and Siegfried Othmer\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" class=\"atto_image_button_left\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Siegfried and Sue were among the very first practitioners to persue neurofeedback, and, as Siegfried writes \"The early days of the field of neurofeedback are rich in ironies, human foibles, and stumbles in the darkness of ignorance, and were accompanied throughout by the specter of a resolutely oppositional--or uninterested--academic mainstream.\" Here is a video where he describes their challenging entry into the field.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/517284988?h=ac129558c3&amp;color=13979b&amp;title=0&amp;portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"></iframe>\r\n<p><br></p>\r\n<p>This couple originally became involved in the field of neurofeedback in an effort to help their son, Bryan (March 5, 1985). Their entire family soon had neurofeedback sessions, and all experienced profound effects. With Margaret Ayers, Siegfried and Sue\r\n    pursued the development of a neurofeedback device with an engineer named Edward Dillingham. Here is the story in Siegfried\'s own words:</p>\r\n<p><br></p>\r\n<iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/517287984?h=7eb7c08138&amp;color=13979b&amp;title=0&amp;portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"></iframe>\r\n<p><br></p>\r\n<p>After this invention (and destruction of a business partnership), Margaret Ayers launched a State and Federal patent lawsuit, having filed Ed Dillingham\'s instructional materials on the new system, which was later declared invalid. During this time, where\r\n    they were in legal straits with Margaret, their son Bryan died of a nocturnal seizure, he was a senior in college studying mathematics and computer science.</p>\r\n<h3>EEG Info and The Othmer Method</h3>\r\n<p>Like many practitioners, the Othmers had a challenge starting their neurotherapy business, especially given that this modality was virtually unheard of at the time, here it is in Siegfried\'s words:&nbsp;<a href=\"https://vimeo.com/517287548\">https://vimeo.com/517287548</a>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/517287548?h=c6081a55a6&amp;color=13979b&amp;title=0&amp;portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"></iframe>\r\n<p><br></p>\r\n<p>Their court case with Margaret ended in arbitration and they began a new instrument company: \"Neurocybernetics,\" they also began training other professionals in 1990.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>In the beginning, their methodology involved operating at \"Optimal Response Frequency,\" which has been called \"sweet spot training\" colloquially. This was tied into the arousal model and hemispheric balance. Sue Othmer made the later discovery of infra-low\r\n    frequencies (below 0.1Hz)<sup>1</sup>.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Slow cortical potentials are slow event-related direct-current shifts of the electroencephalogram. Slow cortical potential shifts in the electrical negative direction reflect the depolarization of large cortical cell assemblies, reducing their excitation\r\n    threshold. They change periodically from being electrically positive to electrically negative. They are described as a phasic tuning mechanism related to activities in the brain stem reticular process, the thalamus and the basal ganglia. <b>These DC shifts are reflected in the superficial cortical layers and represent synaptic activities in the apical dendrites in those layers</b>.\r\n    Negative shifts represent increased probability of firing while positive shifts represent decreased probability or inhibition. Negative shifts are described as related to the utilization of resources for attention, memory, and other related cognitive\r\n    mechanisms.\r\n</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Apical%20Dendrites.png\" alt=\"Apical Dendrites\" width=\"450\" height=\"609\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\"><br></p>\r\n<p>The ILF approach was based on something called \"mechanisms-based training,\" emphasizing electrode placement, and inhibitory bi-polar neurofeedback. They found, in their discovery, that they were training the foundations of the cerebro-regulatory hierarchy,\r\n    paying particular attention to the intrinsic connectivity networks, namely the default mode network and the salience network.&nbsp; They began to look at something called the arousal model to better understand the effects of neurofeedback. Their training\r\n    approach is layered, sequential, progressive and cumulative--as the patient gets better, the protocol changes, grows, and builds upon itself. Their method has been in development for 36 years (as of 2021) and they have developed three generations\r\n    of instruments: NeuroCybernetics, EEGer, and Cygnet (of which the respective engineers are Edward DIllingham, Howard Lightstone, and Bernhard Wandernoth).&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Today, the Othmers run EEGInfo out of Woodland Hills, California, where they teach courses and see patients.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3>&nbsp;------</h3><sup>1</sup>Infra-low Frequency Training involves training sub-delta frequencies that are actually slow shifts in dc brain potentials. This method involves training in frequency ranges of .0003 Hz or lower. Despite considerable controversy\r\nover whether present day amplifiers are actually capable of accurately providing data on such low frequencies, the Othmers claim that they have modified their amplifiers to achieve this feat. These very low frequency ranges are thought to be the substrate\r\nfor the standard recognized EEG ac potentials. A large number of clinicians have adopted this approach. It has gained recognition among clinicians for being very effective although few studies have been done to confirm it. Mark Smith has adopted a more\r\nconservative approach with this paradigm by building on more accepted frequency ranges of .001-.003 Hz or higher that can be easily measured with modern amplifiers.<br>\r\n<p></p>',1,0,1612559818,1655224009,''),(12,4,9,0,'Elmer Green','<p></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"\"><a href=\"https://youtu.be/9VVAD5wkBG0\"><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Elmer%20Greene.jpg\" alt=\"Elmer Greene\" width=\"400\" height=\"533\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\"></a></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"></span></p>\r\n<p>Elmer E. Green (October 10, 1917 to March 5, 2017) devoted his life to the idea that people can develop voluntary control over internal physiologic functions that are normally involuntary, and to research and teaching about states of consciousness and\r\n    spiritual development.&nbsp; He was one of the scientists who invented biofeedback and began research of it, working alongside his wife and colleague, Alyce.</p>\r\n<iframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/9VVAD5wkBG0\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"></iframe>\r\n<p><b>Research</b></p>\r\n<p>Beginning in 1964 in the Research Department of the Menninger Foundation in Topeka, Kansas, the Greens demonstrated that ordinary people, much like yogis, can learn to voluntarily control physiologic functions that are normally involuntary.&nbsp; These\r\n    included brainwaves, muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature and blood flow in the skin.</p>\r\n<p>The Greens were the first to apply biofeedback to a range of medical disorders, thus becoming the originators of&nbsp;<span><span style=\"\">clinical biofeedback</span>.</span>&nbsp; It was they who discovered that hand warming through skin temperature\r\n    feedback effectively treats migraine headaches.&nbsp; They also developed a highly effective biofeedback protocol for hypertension.&nbsp; They understood biofeedback from a much wider perspective than that of physiology alone.&nbsp; Long before they\r\n    undertook biofeedback research, they knew that voluntary control of physiology occurs through regulating the mind, and that quieting the mind opens the door to transpersonal growth.</p>\r\n<p>In the early 1970s, the Greens studied the Indian yogi Swami Rama and the Dutch adept Jack Schwarz in their lab to investigate the skills of voluntary physiologic control that they had.&nbsp; The Greens subsequently led a team to India in 1974 to document\r\n    the physiologic skills of yogis, using a portable psychophysiology lab that Dr. Green designed.&nbsp; The 197<span>5 film \"<span>Biofeedback: The Yoga of the West</span>\"&nbsp;(Ha</span>rtley Films) documents this work, as well as providing an overview\r\n    of biofeedback.</p>\r\n<p>The Greens authored numerous&nbsp;journal articles&nbsp;on biofeedback, and the book&nbsp;<i>Beyond Biofeedback</i>&nbsp;(1978) which provides an overview of biofeedback and discusses transpersonal issues related to self-regulation practice.</p>\r\n<p><b>Cultivation of the Profession</b></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">The Greens were leaders in promoting research, clinical practice, and education about biofeedback and related fields through creating professional societies with associated annual conferences and scientific journals.&nbsp; In 1969 they cofounded the annual Council Grove Conference on consciousness, which is on-going.&nbsp; In the same year, Dr. Green proposed and cofounded the Biofeedback Research Society, now known as the&nbsp;</span>\r\n    <span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 1rem;\">Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">. He cofounded the&nbsp;</span><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 1rem;\">International Society for the Study of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine (ISSSEEM)</span>\r\n        <span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;in 1990.</span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>For 20 years Dr. and Mrs. Green lectured and conducted workshops on “The Theory and Practice of Biofeedback Training for Psychophysiologic Self-Regulation” in the United States, Australia, Canada, India, Great Britain, Holland, the Philippines, and the\r\n    Soviet Union.</p>\r\n<p><b>Education and Early Work</b></p>\r\n<p>Dr. Green earned a Bachelors of Physics degree at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis in 1942, did graduate study in the Department of Physics at UCLA in 1947, and earned a Ph.D. in biopsychology at the University of Chicago in 1962.</p>\r\n<p>From 1947 to 1958 he worked as a physicist at the Naval Ordnance Test Station in China Lake, California where, as Director of the Assessments Division, he oversaw the optical assessment of self-guidance systems for rockets.&nbsp; During that time he conceived\r\n    of a “mental relay,” an on-off switch that could be controlled mentally.&nbsp; After his initial efforts to develop it were unsuccessful, he was shown in a vision dream that the time was not yet appropriate for that technology to emerge, though it\r\n    would be appropriate later.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Receiving guidance in the 1980s that it was time to take a further step toward the mental relay, Dr. Green developed at the Menninger Foundation a research program of psychophysics and psychophysiology known as the Copper Wall Project. &nbsp;This research showed that recognized healers could induce, from a distance of several feet, large voltage changes in a wall-sized electrode made of copper.&nbsp; Subjects without healing abilities were unable to induce significant voltage changes.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Elmer%20in%20the%20Copper%20Room.jpg\" alt=\"Elmer in the Copper Room\" width=\"300\" height=\"468\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\"></span></p>\r\n<p><b>Origins of the Research</b></p>\r\n<p>A variety of influences led Dr. Green to do research to validate that voluntary control is possible of physiologic processes including electrical activity in and around the body.&nbsp; Among these influences were his ability to voluntarily control his\r\n    own physiology, his awareness of yoga and Autogenic Training, and guidance from vision dreams since childhood.</p>\r\n<p></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a name=\"profound\"></a>&nbsp;Here is a video of Elmer Greene discussing his experiences in the field of biodfeedback:&nbsp;<a href=\"https://youtu.be/mVTAQ0ykcMU\">Elmer discussing experiences in biofeedback</a></p><br>\r\n<p></p>',1,0,1612559880,1655225658,''),(13,4,10,0,'Les Fehmi','<p></p><p></p><div><section><div><div><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Les%20Fehmi.jpg\" alt=\"Les Fehmi\" width=\"145\" height=\"216\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">Les Fehmi is the author (with Jim Robbins) of \"The Open Focus Brain\" and \"Dissolving Pain,\" both published by Trumpeter/Shambhala. In this book, he advances his program for learning to relieve stress by attaining what he calls open focus—a more diffuse, flexible form of attention that, paradoxically, allows one to focus better and in a more relaxed way. According to Fehmi, most of us habitually operate in a narrow-focus stress mode that results in anxiety and a host of physical problems, including digestive upsets, rashes and migraines. Fehmi draws on his experience with neurofeedback to explain how we can shift our brain waves to attain open focus. These mental techniques help one to experience their body and even their heart in a new way and change how you perceive the space around them. Fehmi grounds his plan in research and patient anecdotes showing the techniques can reduce pain and improve relationships and athletic performance. Fehmi acknowledges the results of open focus are similar to those from meditation, but even readers skeptical of Eastern spirituality may find Fehmi\'s science-based program useful.&nbsp;<img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Open%20Focus%20Book.jpg\" alt=\"Open Focus Book\" width=\"204\" height=\"319\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_right\"></div><div><br></div><div>A pioneer in the field of neurofeedback, he is director of the Princeton Biofeedback Centre in Princeton, New Jersey.&nbsp;An affiliate member of the Department of Medicine at Princeton University Medical Center, over the past four decades Dr. Fehmi has been active as a psychologist in private practice, a speaker, and an author in peer-reviewed journals.&nbsp;A certified “speed-and-explosion specialist,” Dr. Fehmi has worked with the Dallas Cowboys, the New Jersey Nets, and the Olympic Development Committee.&nbsp;He has also served as a consultant for Harvard’s Massachusetts General Hospital, the Johnson &amp; Johnson corporation, and the Veterans Administration.&nbsp;</div></div></section></div><p></p><h3><a name=\"_Toc36400424\"></a></h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Les began working with\r\nalpha synchrony in 1978 as part of his research at Princeton University where\r\nhe taught. Les has developed some very sophisticated techniques in attentional\r\ntraining called Open Focus. He uses this technique in conjunction with\r\nneurofeedback. His workshops in these techniques are experiential in nature and\r\nenlightening with regard to how much our perception and consciousness are\r\nregulated by our attention. He has also developed special equipment for\r\ntraining alpha synchrony.&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://www.shambhala.com/openfocusbrain/\">To listen to the Open Focus method, click here</a></p><br><p></p>',1,0,1612559922,1628464643,''),(14,4,11,0,'Valdeen Brown','<p></p><p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Val%20Brown.jpg\" alt=\"Val Brown\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">Dr. Brown had a long and varied history in the field of mental health before even pursuing his Ph.D. in Psychology. For over 25 years he taught Continuing Medical Education courses across a wide range of clinical topics including Rapid Transformation of Borderline Phenomenology, Dual Diagnosed Clients, Dynamics of Family Therapy, Working With Angry Adolescents.&nbsp;</p><p>For many years he was a featured and keynote speaker at numerous national and international conferences in the fields of neurofeedback, child psychology, Total Quality Management, and others. He developed and published the Five Phase Model of Neurofeedback. With his background in mathematics, physics, computer programming, designing and implementing automated outcome studies as well as multimodal assessment, he was able to co-develop, with his wife Dr. Sue Brown, the Period Three Approach to neurofeedback.&nbsp;Their Approach was fundamental to their new and revolutionary neurofeedback system (later to become NeurOptimal®), showcasing their vision of Dynamical Neurofeedback™.&nbsp;Over time this was refined, always with an overarching commitment to safe, effective and effortless personal transformation that anyone can use.&nbsp;</p><p>Now retired from actively programming, Dr. Brown directs the ongoing architectural development of NeurOptimal® as well as being intimately involved in ongoing Research and Development at Zengar.</p><a href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YcpQa8bB_1-mZNqYDJDPkpdo65Gn0AEc/view?usp=sharing\">Here is a podcast with Valdeane Brown from Dave Asprey\'s Podcast Series</a><br><p></p>',1,0,1612559973,1655226562,''),(15,4,12,0,'Anna Wise ','<p></p><p></p><p>One\r\nof the first published attempts in bridging the two fields of clinical psychology\r\nand neurotherapy was made by a researcher named Anna Wise. Wise was mentored in\r\nEEG by an Englishman named Maxwell Cade. Cade was a scientist, a yogi, and the\r\nfather of biofeedback in Europe. Cade discovered a brain state that was common\r\nin meditators, which he dubbed “The Awakened Mind” (see Figure 10). Wise expounded\r\nupon Cade’s theories, and also did much therapeutic work with Jungian symbolism\r\n(J. Pennington, personal communication, May 17, 2015).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After\r\ndeparting Europe and leaving Cade, her mentor, Wise carried on his work, moving\r\nacross the Atlantic and the continental United States to California, where she\r\nwrote <i>The High Performance Mind</i>\r\n(1995) and <i>Awakening the Mind</i> (2002).\r\nShe was very interested in meditative states and devised a method of training\r\nindividuals to reach the Awakened Mind state (J. Pennington,\r\npersonal communication, May 17, 2015). Wise hypothesized that the awakened mind has\r\naccess to the unconscious empathy, intuition, and radar of the delta waves; the\r\nsubconscious creative storehouse, inspiration, and spiritual connection of the\r\ntheta waves; the bridging capacity, lucid imagery, and relaxed, detached\r\nawareness of the alpha waves; and the ability to consciously process thoughts\r\nin beta, all at the same time. One of the major prerequisites for an awakened\r\nmind, she felt, was to have an open flow of information between the conscious,\r\nsubconscious, and unconscious mind (1995, 2002).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Awakened%20Mind.png\" alt=\"Awakened Mind\" width=\"500\" height=\"317\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_middle\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n \r\n \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n  \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n</p>\r\n\r\n<p><i>Pierson, G. (2010) The Awakened Mind, as determined by studies of yogis, monks,\r\nand enlightened masters.<span>&nbsp;</span></i></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Wise\r\nwas not a neurodiagnostician, but while alive she was the only voice in the\r\nfield of EEG and neurofeedback laying the bridgework between psychodynamic\r\npsychotherapeutic perspectives and brainwaves. In her publications of <i>The High Performance Mind</i> (1995) and <i>Awakening the Mind</i> (2002), Wise laid a\r\ngroundwork for the communication between the two fields in her interpretation\r\nof EEG frequencies delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma, and accompanying\r\npsychological states. She was different than her peers in the neurotherapy\r\ncommunity in that she used EEG to “neuromonitor” her subjects, observing\r\nchanges and evaluating progress in individuals under a prescribed meditation, mental\r\nexercises, and lifestyle program, as opposed to the traditional methodologies\r\nof training the brainwaves via operant conditioning using neurofeedback\r\nequipment. She had an intuitive grasp of EEG and when neuromonitoring, would\r\nuse the EEG state of an individual in session for assessment purposes, while\r\nusing visualization, meditation, relaxation, and counseling work to understand\r\ntheir reactivity and response to different topics and visions. The subjects\r\nWise worked with reported profound breakthroughs and insights in their lives. In\r\npersonal communication, Wise’s good friend and my mentor, as well as 2014\r\nPresident of the Biofeedback Society of California and Quantitative EEG\r\nDiplomate, Jay Gunkelman, has said that Wise was one of the brightest minds in\r\nthe field.&nbsp; </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Wise\r\nwas unique in that she understood that a greater complexity of the psychological\r\nform that underlay the EEG. She believed that: </p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"editor-indent\" style=\"margin-left: 30px;\"><div class=\"editor-indent\" style=\"margin-left: 30px;\"><div class=\"editor-indent\" style=\"margin-left: 30px;\"><p><i>\"Each\r\nstate that you experience entails a symphony of brainwaves, with each frequency\r\nplaying its own characteristic part. Out of these symphonies come the art of\r\nPicasso, the dance of Martha Graham, the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright,\r\nand the theories of Einstein.\" (Wise, 1995, p. 3)</i></p></div></div></div><p>Here is a video of Anna from The Neurotechnology Forum in Seattle, 1992:&nbsp;<a href=\"https://youtu.be/l0PbIAqxJKo\">Anna Wise Speaking about the Mind MIrror</a></p><p>And here is Part 2 of the same talk:&nbsp;<a href=\"https://youtu.be/8DD4QZTrDqU\">Anna Wise Part 2</a></p><p>And here is Part 3 of the same talk:&nbsp;<a href=\"https://youtu.be/OkiP4TI2giE\">Anna Wise Part 3</a></p><p>And here is Part 4 of the same talk:&nbsp;<a href=\"https://youtu.be/Zr5AtKPTFSc\">Anna Wise Part 4</a></p>\r\n\r\n<p><br></p><p><b>Here is Anna\'s biography in more intimate detail, written by her student, Judith Pennington (2020), who has carried on Anna\'s work.</b></p><p></p><div id=\"cc-m-12307330657\"><div><div id=\"cc-m-textwithimage-12307330657\" data-name=\"text\" data-action=\"text\"><p>Anna Anderson Wise, born on July 13, 1950 in Selma, Alabama, to the mayor’s daughter and a future two-star Air Force general, was one of the most influential practitioners of instrument-assisted meditation in the world. She followed a hybrid east-west approach which married the timelessness of contemplation with the precision of technology. Her great love and destiny was the development of her Awakened Mind Program. She devoted her life to it.</p><p>Growing up on Air Force bases throughout North America, Anna had wings on her feet and a heart built for spiritual transcendence. A series of near-death experiences sparked her need to understand and master altered and higher states of consciousness. Her first NDE&nbsp;likely occurred when she was five years old and underwent open heart surgery. Looking back, she realized that she must have opened the portal to the other side at that time. “That portal was very familiar to me,” she told her a group of practitioner trainees decades later.</p><p>At age 16, while attending high school in Golden, Colorado, Anna was looking at a Bible in her Christian church and asked God to prove his existence. “The sky opened up and a golden light came down,” she told this writer. “There were celestial choirs and I completely blissed out. I was in the evolved mind pattern. It started at 2 a.m. I came back at 6 a.m., still holding the Bible. I heard a voice from far away saying, \'Faarrrr out.\' I felt my face, and there was gum stuck to it. The voice was mine.\"</p><p>The next year, while she was tubing on a rain-swollen river with a friend, her inner tube got caught on a fallen tree branch, submerged her, and water streamed into her mouth, drowning her. Leaving her body, she said goodbye to her personality and flashed by a series of events that would have occurred had she died. She saw her parents mourning at her funeral and a newspaper article with the headline, \"Coed Drowns.\"</p><p>\"I had a brief moment of remorse, where I saw that my death was a waste and I would have to come back and start over,\" she told a practitioner training group. But then she found the light and heard the same celestial choirs. \"I can\'t describe that sound. It\'s mind-boggling. I was floating toward the light&nbsp; and suddenly, the guy I was with pulled my head out of the water, and I snapped back painfully into my body.\" Anna cursed him.</p><p>\"There\'s no pain in that state,\" she said a soft, musing voice filled with longing. \"The body is painful, hard, cumbersome. Part of me feels that I should be able to point over there to what I want – that my body shouldn\'t be gravity-bound and heavy.\" Not long after that, she nearly drowned in an ocean.</p><p>What Anna wanted more than anything else was to re-experience that state of consciousness without having to die first. Her opportunity came in 1975, when she visited her friend, Elizabeth St. John, at The Franklin School in London and met Max Cade, who was teaching classes in meditation and mind expansion. “Max got me there, to higher states, through guided imagery and Zen,” Anna said fondly. Her teacher taught her “to get into deep, peaceful, blissful states,” she said. “His guidance took me back to a state of bliss.\"</p></div></div><div></div></div><div id=\"cc-m-12308480157\"><div><div id=\"cc-matrix-3523368457\"><div id=\"cc-m-12308480757\"><p>Anna was a student of Max’s when he and electronics engineer Geoff Blundell invented the Mind Mirror in 1976. She attended their experiments with psychics, healers, yogis and swamis, and with her friend Elizabeth, began to conduct EEG-led meditation sessions for others. Anna was a fascinated student of the yogis who visited London and a dedicated meditator who had a powerful and sustained kundalini awakening. Decades later, that kundalini energy remained so strong that she was able to point her finger at her young son’s remote-controlled car and move it around the room.</p><p>In London, Anna became the director of the Franklin School of Contemporary Studies and, with her future husband, James MacRitchie, formed an international dance troupe, The Natural Dance Workshop, which toured Europe and used Awakened Mind principles to help dancers attune to their creativity.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><em>The radiant Anna Wise in her youth: dancer and mind researcher</em></p></div></div></div><div data-display=\"cms-only\"><div></div></div><div><div id=\"cc-matrix-3523368557\"><div id=\"cc-m-12308480257\"><figure><img srcset=\"https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/dimension=281x10000:format=jpg/path/s79204ff9f69421c8/image/ib8be602455f20780/version/1588948076/image.jpg 281w, https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/dimension=320x10000:format=jpg/path/s79204ff9f69421c8/image/ib8be602455f20780/version/1588948076/image.jpg 320w, https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/none/path/s79204ff9f69421c8/image/ib8be602455f20780/version/1588948076/image.jpg 373w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 281px) 281px, 100vw\" id=\"cc-m-imagesubtitle-image-12308480257\" src=\"https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/dimension=281x10000:format=jpg/path/s79204ff9f69421c8/image/ib8be602455f20780/version/1588948076/image.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-src-width=\"373\" data-src-height=\"556\" data-src=\"https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/dimension=281x10000:format=jpg/path/s79204ff9f69421c8/image/ib8be602455f20780/version/1588948076/image.jpg\" data-image-id=\"7881991457\"></figure><figure><br></figure><figure><p><em>The photo at left shows a birthday party Anna threw for Max, who is wearing a light-diode headband. She crowned him \"the king of biofeedback.\"&nbsp;&nbsp;</em><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">From left to right, first row: Isabel Cade, Max Cade, and Helen Stapleton, wife of Geoff Blundell. Second row: Barbara Siddall, long-time supporter, the lovely Anna Wise, and Geoff.</em></p></figure></div></div></div></div><div id=\"cc-m-12308481457\"><figure><img srcset=\"https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/none/path/s79204ff9f69421c8/image/i49b036d6a3826f5b/version/1588969230/image.jpg 292w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 292px) 292px, 100vw\" id=\"cc-m-textwithimage-image-12308481457\" src=\"https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/none/path/s79204ff9f69421c8/image/i49b036d6a3826f5b/version/1588969230/image.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-src-width=\"292\" data-src-height=\"232\" data-src=\"https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/none/path/s79204ff9f69421c8/image/i49b036d6a3826f5b/version/1588969230/image.jpg\" data-image-id=\"7881992457\"></figure><div><div id=\"cc-m-textwithimage-12308481457\" data-name=\"text\" data-action=\"text\"><p>Anna\'s 11 years in England, studying and researching with Max, Geoff and Isabel seem to have been among the happiest of her life.</p></div></div><div></div></div><div id=\"cc-m-12307330957\"><div></div></div><div id=\"cc-m-12308479557\"><p>A graceful and talented dancer, Anna married her dance partner, the English acupuncturist Jim MacRitchie. When they moved to Boulder in 1981, she boarded the plane with Max Cade’s blessings and a Mind Mirror in hand.</p><p>Jim later said that Anna’s work with the Mind Mirror immediately “took off like a rocket.” Soon she was teaching corporate CEOs how to become more productive, helping rap groups unblock their creativity in recording studios, and traveling to distant shores like Taiwan to monitor the brainwaves of meditation gurus.</p><p><strong>Researching Masters, Horses, Mothers and Married Couples</strong></p><p>Anna told Geoff that her most exciting teaching trip was to Taiwan, “where I taught in five different locations with translators for different dialects.&nbsp;One seminar was held at the University of Taipei and—the most thrilling of all—was teaching in a Taoist Temple to a group of students and their Master.\"&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">She began by explaining the Mind Mirror pattern to the Taoists and then asked for a volunteer to be connected to the machine.&nbsp;No one moved.&nbsp;Finally, the Master himself volunteered. He showed an excellent State 5 pattern, exactly as she had just described.&nbsp;Then everybody wanted the experience.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">She realized that the group had needed the Master to validate the machine before they would try it, whereas in the West an excellent pattern instead would give confidence in the Master; that is, the machine would validate the master.</span></p><p>During this same session, the Master’s pattern suddenly disappeared; he seemed to be in a deep trance, with only two straight lines indicated on the Mind Mirror display.&nbsp;Anna asked the Master to “come back,” and he confirmed that he been out of his body.&nbsp;Thus did Anna discover the flatline out-of-body pattern.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p></div><div id=\"cc-m-12308484557\"><div></div></div><div id=\"cc-m-12308483657\"><div><div id=\"cc-matrix-3523369157\"><div id=\"cc-m-12308484457\"><p>In the 1990s, her unique work and sparkling charisma attracted the attention of Jeremy Tarcher, who served on the board of Esalen<img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Awakening%20the%20Mind.jpg\" alt=\"Awakening the Mind\" width=\"225\" height=\"338\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_right\"> Institute and invited Anna to teach there. Soon he invited her to write a book which became a classic:&nbsp;<em>The High-Performance Mind: Mastering Brainwaves for Insight, Healing and Creativity</em>. In 2003, Tarcher,&nbsp;an imprint of Random House and the literary giant, Penguin-Putnam, published her second book,&nbsp;<em>Awakening the Mind</em>, which also became a classic in the field of mind research.</p><p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/The%20High%20Performance%20Mind.jpg\" alt=\"The High Performance Mind\" width=\"225\" height=\"341\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\"></p><p>A brilliant teacher and writer, Anna was first and foremost a mind researcher. She hooked up her son, John, to the Mind Mirror when he was just six months old. She wired up horses, which led to a lasting relationship with the healer&nbsp;<a href=\"https://ttouch.com/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"https://ttouch.com/\">Linda Tellington-Jones</a>, who formed an international&nbsp;educational network for the healers of horses and dogs and has authored many books.</p></div></div></div><div data-display=\"cms-only\"><div></div></div><div><div id=\"cc-matrix-3523369257\"><div id=\"cc-m-12308484057\"><figure><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Anna hooked up women in an Asian factory and discovered that their infants would not breast feed because they were stressed and operating in beta. She taught the women to deepen into delta and connect with their babies in those low, slow frequencies of the instinctual unconscious mind. She hooked up married couples and discovered that at least some of their difficulties related to the husband\'s thinking in beta and the wife\'s feeling in theta. She taught them to converse in the Awakened Mind pattern.&nbsp;</span></figure></div></div></div></div><div id=\"cc-m-12308483557\"><p>Having moved to the San Francisco area in 2001 with her four-year-old son, John, Anna lived in the thick of things. She hooked up spiritual leaders including Deepak Chopra and Barbara Marx Hubbard. She said that Barbara Marx Hubbard had the most advanced brainwaves she had ever seen: a sustained Evolved Mind pattern.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Teaching and Growing&nbsp;at Esalen</strong></p><p>Beginning in the 1980s, Anna traveled three or four times each year, often with John in tow, to Esalen Institute near Big Sur to teach two- and five-day seminars. Her classes of 24 were always full, and there was usually a waiting list. People came from all over the world to learn from Anna and enjoy Esalen\'s stunning facilities: the organic gardens and delicious meals, steaming cliff-side hot tubs,&nbsp;an oceanside swimming pool, walking trails through ancient forests, and the beautiful, domed meditation sanctuary overlooking the bay.</p><p>When she lived in Berkeley, this writer served as her assistant, traveling cross-country to pack her lumbering van to the ceiling with cases of Mind Mirrors, switchboxes, EEG harnesses and extensions, dozens of ESRs, and boxes of supplies, swapping stories on the winding, mountainous drive along coastal Highway 1 to Big Sur.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Whether her Esalen seminars were seven or 10 days long, Anna played as hard as she worked, holding court with her students late in the evening on the high, seaside deck of the Big House, where people enjoyed the fresh sea air and watched flocks of birds dip and wheel over the frothy waves of the dark blue Pacific.&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Inside the Big House on the cliffs, which had been founder Michael Murphy\'s family home, her students applauded when&nbsp;she glided majestically into the bright, spacious training room, clad in beautifully colored and patterned shawls, and they listened intently to every word their master said. Her students hooked each other up then leaned back against large, colorful pillows to meditate off and on all day long and into the evening.&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;</span></p><p>Nine people were monitored on the Mind Mirror simultaneously, with the rest of the class monitored on ESRs. This arrangement alternated until everyone received feedback from Anna and her assistant on their brainwave patterns. Her assistant sketched the patterns and managed the volume levels of the music while Anna read her meditations to the group. Her powerful meditations gradually awakening their awareness, often into cosmic consciousness.</p></div><div id=\"cc-m-12308509057\"><div><div id=\"cc-m-textwithimage-12308509057\" data-name=\"text\" data-action=\"text\"><p>Anna\'s classes at Esalen began at 10 a.m. in the morning, broke for lunch and dinner, and usually continued until 10 or 11 p.m. at night. She was seemingly tireless, even after Multiple Sclerosis took her health during the last 15 years of her life.&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Her students loved her wit and deeply held attention to them and their meditative experiences. Her self-mastery and intuitive grasp of the heart of things deeply touched students of all ages and nationalities.</span></p><p>Anna made people shine, simply by listening respectfully and guiding them to their own insights as they spoke. She was the consummate wise and loving humanistic psychologist and teacher.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>The Anna Wise Protocol</strong></p><p>While at Esalen, many students asked Anna to create a program that would train them in her methods for careers in this work. In 2001, she held her first practitioner training program, which consisted of the Anna Wise Protocol for Awakened Mind brainwave training. The Anna Wise Protocol is still the basis of the&nbsp;Practitioner Training Program&nbsp;taught today by practitioner trainers affiliated with the&nbsp;Institute for the Awakened Mind.</p><p>As the years passed, even as she succumbed to the ravages of Multiple Sclerosis, Anna taught with the energy and verve of the master she was. Seven to 10 students attended each of her practitioner training classes, which she organized into six 4.5-day seminars. Students flew in from many countries to learn from her, each lit with inner excitement that sometimes erupted into chaos in her small teaching areas. \"You are all in high beta,\" she would say sternly. \"This is about mastery.\" You could hear a pin drop in the room.</p><p>A determined and demanding taskmaster, Anna wanted only the best students to take her work out into the world. She gave everything she had and more. <span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Current research and a high-tech new Mind Mirror with advanced analytical capabilities have only proved the validity of Max and Anna\'s research, while furthering it with new understanding of high-frequency gamma waves. The new research has added to the knowledge base two higher-state brainwave patterns: the Superconscious Mind of Gamma Synchrony (Max\'s State 7) and the gamma-infused University Consciousness pattern (Max\'s state 8).</span></p><p><strong>Entering the Light</strong></p><p>Determined, feisty, funny, a brilliant teacher and visionary, a humanistic psychologist, Christian and Taoist, Anna put her heart and soul into awakening and enlightening her clients and students.&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">She courageously wrote her books, taught at Esalen, and worked with many private clients while battling Multiple Sclerosis for 15 years until her death in March of 2010. She was teaching her sixty-sixth workshop at Esalen, the last before her retirement, when she grew ill and was taken to a hospital in Monterrey, where she passed on a few days later with her son John by her side.</span></p><p>At her memorial service in San Francisco, her former husband Jim MacRitchie quipped that she “died with her boots on,” teaching her beloved work until the very end. No doubt, when she floated through that portal of light for the last time and heard her beautiful celestial choirs, she was met on the other side by Max and Isabel Cade and Geoff Blundell.&nbsp;Jim suggested that, once they were all together again, they would most certainly try to brainwave God.&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">But indeed,&nbsp;Anna had been doing that all along, in the form of countless numbers of people who continue to be inspired and changed for the better by her Boddhisattva presence on Earth.&nbsp;</span></p><p><em>Written by Anna\'s student, Judith Pennington, May 2020</em></p></div></div></div><br><p></p>\r\n\r\n<p><br></p>\r\n\r\n<p><br></p>\r\n\r\n<p></p><br><p></p>',1,0,1612560374,1621287373,''),(16,4,7,0,'Robert Thatcher','<p></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Bob%20Thatcher.jpg\" alt=\"Bob Thatcher\" width=\"400\" height=\"503\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">Robert Thatcher is the inventor of Neuroguide and\r\n    founded the company Applied Neurosciences, Inc. out of St. Petersburg, Florida.</p>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<p>Thatcher received a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from the University of Oregon and a Ph.D. degree in Psychology/Biopsychology from the University of Waterloo before completing postdoctoral fellowships in Neurobiology and Neurophysiology at Albert Einstein\r\n    College of Medicine and New York Medical College.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>In 1973 Dr. Thatcher was appointed as Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at New York Medical College and in 1977 as an Associate Professor of Psychiatry at New York University School of Medicine. In 1979 Dr. Thatcher was appointed as a professor of Psychiatry\r\n    and Director of the QEEG service at Shock Trauma, University of Maryland before joining the National Institutes of Health in 1991 as the Program Manager for the integration of 128 channel EEG with MRI, PET and SPECT.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Dr. Thatcher was the director of the NeuroImaging Laboratory at the Bay Pines VA Medical Center, Bay Pines, FL from 1993 to May 2006. As the principal investigator for the Department of Defense Head Injury Program (DVHIP) Dr. Thatcher over saw the collection\r\n    and analysis of quantitative EEG from over 1,500 head injured patients which also involved the integration of EEG with MRI.</p>\r\n<p>Dr. Thatcher\'s professional affiliations include being a board member of the American Board of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, a National Institute of Health Scientific advisory board member for the Human Brain Project, an executive\r\n    board member of the EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society and was a board member of the International Society for Neurofeedback. He is involved in collaborative research with several major medical centers as well as ongoing clinical applications of\r\n    qEEG and EEG biofeedback as part of the Resilience Program of the US Army at Fort Campbell. He is currently on the Board of Directors for the Society for Human Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT) and is the chair for the MEG/EEG track of the SBMT).\r\n    He has been the recipient of the Hans Berger Award of Merit (AAPB Neurofeedback Division) and the Life Time Achievement Award for work in the scientific specialty of QEEG (ISNR) and The Pioneer in Medicine award by the Society for Human Brain Mapping\r\n    and Therapeutics (2020).</p>\r\n<p>He is currently the Founder and CEO of Applied Neuroscience, Inc. and the Director of Applied Neuroscience Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida. Dr. Thatcher is certified as an expert in both conventional electroencephalography and quantitative\r\n    electroencephalography (QEEG), has read over 20,000 EEGs, and has written or supervised the writing of over 10,000 clinical EEG cases. He has extensive mathematical and programming experience as well as organizational leadership skills. He is the\r\n    author of over 200 publications, including eight books. His most recent books are Thatcher, R.W. and Lubar, J.F. (Editors (2014) “Z Score Neurofeedback: Clinical Applications” and the \"Handbook of Quantitative Electroencephalography and EEG Biofeedback,\r\n    2nd Edition.</p>\r\n<p></p>Here is a video of Robert Thatcher describing his experience with QEEG over his career:<br>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<div style=\"padding:56.25% 0 0 0;position:relative;\"><iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/429334628?h=19c30c8de6&amp;badge=0&amp;autopause=0&amp;player_id=0&amp;app_id=58479\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;\" title=\"THATCHER - Z SCORE (with intro and outro)\"></iframe></div><script src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/api/player.js\"></script>',1,0,1614377922,1655225500,''),(17,4,13,0,'Tom Collura','<p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Tom%20Collura.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Collura\" width=\"230\" height=\"230\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">Tom Collura writes in his autobiography in \"Neurofeedback:\r\n    The First 50 Years\" (2020), \"[W]hen I was 16 . . . I got the clear understanding that whatever I did, it would be controversial. It seemed that it would be fun and cool to have people talking about what I was doing, and getting all upset about it.\"&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>In 1973, Tom received a BA in Philosophy and a BS in Biology from Brown University, and a PhD in biomedical engineering at Case Western University. His first gig out of school was doing semi-conductor testing at Bell Laboratories and from there he went\r\n    to the Cleveland Clinic Department of Neurology, where he programmed computers and digital EEGs. Then, in 1994 he began to sell kits to measure EEG. He took an alpha biofeedback training course in 2000 with James Hardt and met his wife and future\r\n    business partner, Terri Mrklas (Collura). This was the beginning of Brainmaster. He earned his license as a mental health counselor in 2015 and has developed numerous programs for Brainmaster ever since.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Today, Brainmaster offers Z-score training, Infra-Slow Fluctuation training, amplitude training, and other modalities.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">He is also the author of several books, including:</span><br></p>\r\n<p></p>\r\n\r\n                    <p>(1) Collura, T.F., Thatcher, R.W., Smith, M.L., Lambos, W.A., and C.R. Stark (2009)&nbsp;EEG Biofeedback training using Z-scores and a normative database , in: (Evans, W., Budzynski, T., Budzynski, H., and A. Arbanal, eds)&nbsp;Introduction\r\n                        to QEEG and Neurofeedback : Advanced Theory and Applications,&nbsp;Second Edition.&nbsp;New York: Elsevier.</p>\r\n                    <p>(2) Collura, T.F. (1995) Basic Electronics and Physics, in: Levin, K. and Luders, H. (eds.)&nbsp;Comprehensive Clinical Neurophysiology, Elsevier.</p>\r\n                    <p>36) Collura, T.F. (1995) Averaging, Noise, and Statistics, in: Levin, K. and Luders, H. (eds.)&nbsp;Comprehensive Clinical Neurophysiology, Elsevier.</p>\r\n                \r\n            \r\n        \r\n    \r\n<br>\r\n<p></p>',1,0,1614378075,1654220874,''),(18,4,14,0,'Martijn Arns','<p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Martijn%20Arns.jpg\" alt=\"Martijn Arms\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">Martijn Arns graduated with his master\'s in 1998, in psychology in the Netherlands, wherein he specialized in psychophysiological psychology (aka biological psychology) and in 2011 he received his PhD at Utrecht University on the topic of \"EEG-based personalized medicine for ADHD.\"&nbsp;</p><p>He currently runs the Research Institute Brainclincs, an independent research institute that studies applied neuroscience, QEEG, ERP, rTMS and neurofeedback. His research in neurofeedback has been to better understand the mechanism of neurofeedback protocols and the efficacy of said protocols. Arns feels that the biggest obstacle in the field of neurofeedback, preventing it form going mainstream, is that the majority of people who practice this are clinicians or are involved as vendors. He finds that there are many practices without the data and literature to back up their findings, such as Z-Score neurofeedback, Infraslow neurofeedback, and Neuroptimal.&nbsp;</p><p>Arms believes that the state of the field of neurofeedback is reflected in studies that turn up with negative results and hopes that the next decade of research is more fine-tuned and promising.&nbsp;</p>',1,0,1614378087,1621446446,''),(19,4,15,0,'Nick Dogris','<p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Nick%20Dogris.jpg\" alt=\"Nick Dogris\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">Nicholas Dogris is the CEO and Co-Founder of NeuroField, Inc. He lives in Santa Barbara, California with his wife, Tiff Thompson (the creator of the School of Neurotherapy). The NeuroField suite of hardware and software is different than other programs because it is heavily focused on the clinical application of stimulation, to the brain and to the body. The development of NeuroField equipment began with a pulsed electro-magnetic field device, the X3000, that emits frequencies from 0.31Hz to 300,000 Hz and has a high degree of programmability, allowing for users to choose from hundreds of protocols in the databases, or to create their own. Since then there has been the creation of the Genesis (a tDCS, tACS, tRNS, and Advanced Pink Noise Generator), as well as the Q21 (a differential amplifier) and three software programs (NF64, which runs all the stimulation devices; NFERP, which is an event related potentials system; and NFEEG, an EEG recording and analysis system that creates QEEG, ICA, and other forms of computational neuroanalytical displays.</p><p>Nick\'s story with NeuroField begins after he earned two Master\'s degrees and a PhD in Research and Psychology.&nbsp;</p><p>On July 22, 2002 his son AJ was born, two-months premature. The doctors had tried to stop the delivery by giving magnesium, which depressed AJs nervous system and damaged his brain, depriving it of oxygen and giving him a hypoxic injury. In effort to help him, Nick found the LENS (Low Energy Neurofeedback System), developed by Len Ochs, which helped his son greatly, however, only one protocol available for the LENS at that time. So, Nick hacked into the system and developed 32 new protocols. According to Nick, AJ continued to improve and respond to the LENS. But then, at age 6, his progress stopped.&nbsp;</p><p>Nick reported praying to God, while looking up at the sky, one night at band practice. The next morning, he woke up with the idea of creating a four-channel frequency generator that could deliver electro-magnetic pulses. Not to long after he had the dream, he met a radio-frequency engineer, a man named Brad Wiitala, and they had a prototype reading within 60 days. They decided to name the company NeuroField, since the pEMF delivered a field of energy. They learned from the first trials with the system that they could entrain the brain safely using low intensity pEMF and that it seemed to work much faster than neurofeedback!&nbsp; They also learned that their system increased blood flow and reduced inflammation. AJ continued to improve and today (2021) he completed his first year&nbsp; of college at the University of Nevada, Reno, as a Freshman.&nbsp;</p><p>Within the 15 years since developing the X3000, NeuroField has developed a Heart Rate Variability device, a differential amplifier (the Q21), and the Genesis (a stimulation unit that can create tDCS, tACS, tRNS, and Advanced Pink Nose), as well as three separate software programs. The NeuroField analysis system utilizes the state of the art in machine learning and computational neuroanalysis.&nbsp; NeuroField also has a Neurofeedback program that synchronizes neurostimulation with neurofeedback. These advents have continued to further and quicken the progress of patients in clinics around the world that use the NeuroField system.&nbsp;</p>',1,0,1614378104,1655227523,''),(20,4,16,0,'Sebern Fisher','<p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Sebern%20Fisher.png\" alt=\"Sebern Fisher Headshot\" width=\"333\" height=\"951\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Sebern attended Smith College, Columbia University (including the Film School) and received her Bachelor of Science from the University of Massachusetts in 1976. She graduated from Antioch New England with a Masters in Counseling Psychology in 1978.</span></p><p>Sebern was one of the founders of the Family Planning Council of Western Massachusetts (now Tapestry Health) which began with one rural clinic in 1973. She started her work there as a family planning counselor and by the time she left that organization in 1979, she was the Director of Training and Education. During her tenure, she mounted three major conferences:&nbsp;<em>Men, Women and Rape</em>&nbsp;in 1976 featuring Susan Brownmiller, Ann Burgess and Nicholas Groff;&nbsp;<em>On Sex Education and the Family</em>&nbsp;in 1977; and the third,&nbsp;<em>Women on the Conditions of Women&nbsp;</em>with Anne Alonzo, Marsha Linehan and Dusty Miller in 1979.</p><p>From 1980 to 1997, Sebern was the clinical director of a residential treatment program for severely disturbed adolescents in western Massachusetts. At that time, it was considered to be one of the best programs in the state and the treatment outcomes were, at best, troubling. &nbsp;In an effort to better understand these children and to enhance treatment outcomes, she introduced attachment theory in the mid-eighties, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy in 1991. Her center became the first in the nation to adopt and implement DBT in a residential milieu.</p><p>Sebern was introduced to neurofeedback in the spring of 1996, when her friend, Kathy Zilberman asked her if she would be her first<img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Sebern%20Fishers%20book.png\" alt=\"Sebern Fisher\'s Book\" width=\"333\" height=\"504\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_right\"> ‘subject’.&nbsp; She recounts the experience of a weekend of neurofeedback training in the introduction to her boo<b>k,&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Neurofeedback-Treatment-Developmental-Trauma-Fear-Driven/dp/0393707865/ref=asc_df_0393707865/?tag=hyprod-20&amp;linkCode=df0&amp;hvadid=312045581420&amp;hvpos=1o1&amp;hvnetw=g&amp;hvrand=4774595610052085654&amp;hvpone=&amp;hvptwo=&amp;hvqmt=&amp;hvdev=c&amp;hvdvcmdl=&amp;hvlocint=&amp;hvlocphy=9030960&amp;hvtargid=aud-802037562948:pla-448466172702&amp;psc=1&amp;tag=&amp;ref=&amp;adgrpid=62837065180&amp;hvpone=&amp;hvptwo=&amp;hvadid=312045581420&amp;hvpos=1o1&amp;hvnetw=g&amp;hvrand=4774595610052085654&amp;hvqmt=&amp;hvdev=c&amp;hvdvcmdl=&amp;hvlocint=&amp;hvlocphy=9030960&amp;hvtargid=aud-802037562948:pla-448466172702\"><em>Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Developmental Trauma: Calming the Fear-driven Brain</em></a>.&nbsp;</b> When she went into private practice in 1997, she began to integrate neurofeedback with psychodynamic psychotherapy in the treatment of her traumatized patients. &nbsp;Her book, published by Norton in 2014 (now also&nbsp;<b><a href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Neurofeedback-Treatment-Developmental-Trauma-Fear-Driven-dp-B081291HPF/dp/B081291HPF/ref=mt_audio_download?_encoding=UTF8&amp;me=&amp;qid=\">available on Audible</a>) i</b>s a direct result of what she learned in working with her own brain and with those of her patients.</p><p>Sebern maintains a part-time private practice focused on the treatment of adults suffering the aftermath of neglect and assault in childhood in Northampton, Massachusetts. She trains and consults both nationally and internationally in the use of neurofeedback in the treatment of developmental trauma, on the central role of fear in those who have suffered these histories and on the integration of psychotherapy and neurofeedback. She has written and presented two webinars: the first 16-part webinar was called<b>&nbsp;<em>Training Trauma: New Thinking, New Treatment, New Challenges</em>&nbsp;</b>and covered the impacts of developmental trauma on the brain and the integration of neurofeedback with psychotherapy. The second,&nbsp;<em><b>The Nature of Forgetting: The Treatment of Dissociation, Repression and Regression with Psychotherapy and Neurofeedback</b></em>&nbsp;was presented in early 2020.</p><p>She is the 2013 recipient of the Joel Lubar Award for Contributions to the Field of Neurofeedback, as well as the recipient of the 2017 M.B. Sterman Career Achievement Award and 2020 Fellows Award from the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research. In addition to her book, she has published numerous professional articles on neurofeedback and psychotherapy.</p><br><p></p>',1,0,1614378118,1655226790,''),(21,4,17,0,'Juri Kropotov','<p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Juri%20Kropotov.png\" alt=\"Juri Kropotov\" width=\"333\" height=\"486\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Prof. Juri Kropotov</strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;is&nbsp;a leading expert&nbsp;in the basic&nbsp;and applied neuroscience. The unique methodology developed in his labs at the Human Brain Institute in St Petersburg (Russia) allows a sophisticated analysis of\r\n    brain electric activity in resting states and under task conditions. The methodology is described in his book&nbsp;Kropotov, J.D. (2009)&nbsp;</span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><b>Quantitative EEG, event-related potentials and neurotherapy.</b></em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;London: Academic Press.\r\n    These precise measurements of brain function can be used as Neuromarkers in the clinical context to evaluate brain health in different psychiatric and neurological disorders. The experience of translating this methodology into clinical practice is\r\n    presented in his recently published book&nbsp;Kropotov, J. D. (2016).</span><b style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;<em>Functional neuromarkers for psychiatry: Applications for diagnosis and treatment</em>.</b><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"> San Diego, CA, US: Elsevier Academic Press.&nbsp;</span></p><blockquote><p>His scientific and research career spans 45 years of dedicated work in Brain science. Juri Kropotov, PhD. has earned three doctorates: in theoretical physics, in philosophy and &nbsp;neurophysiology. From 1970 to 1990, he practiced at the psychiatric\r\n        clinics of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Institute of the Human Brain at the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.&nbsp;</p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote>His work with psychiatric patients included electrode implantation for neurological research, evaluation, diagnosis and therapy. For this research, in 1985 he was awarded the country\'s highest scientific award - the USSR State Prize.&nbsp;</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote>His scientific interests are now focused on quantitative EEG and normative data bases, event-related potentials (ERPs), Neurotherapy (Neurofeedback, tDCS, DBS), QEEG/ERP markers of psychiatric and neurological disorders.&nbsp;</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote>Below is a video where Dr. Kropotov discusses his database, the HBImed database.</blockquote><br>\r\n<p></p><iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/410219568\" width=\"640\" height=\"564\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen\" allowfullscreen=\"\"></iframe>',1,0,1614378133,1654220932,''),(22,4,18,0,'Richard Soutar','<p><p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Richard%20Soutar.jpg\" alt=\"Richard Soutar\" width=\"333\" height=\"271\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">A pioneer in the field of neurofeedback, Dr. Soutar has published three books on the topic of neurofeedback and conducted workshops on&nbsp; the various aspects of neurofeedback at conferences and clinics in the U.S and&nbsp; Europe.</p><p>As a former professor of psychology and sociology, he has had extensive experience in teaching and training at both the undergraduate and the graduate level.&nbsp; He has also been working continuously over the years as a clinician, director and business administrator of various clinics around the country as well.</p><p>He developed the first fully certified internet training course for neurofeedback.&nbsp; He has worked successfully with professional athletes and businessmen on peak performance as well as a wide spectrum of individuals with the traditionally labeled psychological and medical disorders.&nbsp; He has also pioneered a wide range of clinical screening and assessment tools for neurofeedback including, the Mini Q, The Magnitude Analysis System, The Interactive Self Inventory, and The NPC Symptoms Checklist.</p><p>Dr. Soutar has also consulted with a variety of equipment manufacturers on the development of&nbsp; The Mini Q, Distance Training and Training Screen Formats as well as the portable mini neurofeedback trainer, the Bioscan ABT.&nbsp; Presently he is consulting on a variety of grants and research projects for the development of cybernetic interface for ALS patients, Spinal Chord Injury, and Depression.</p></p>',1,0,1614378151,1628474595,''),(23,4,19,0,'Len Ochs','<p><img src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Len%20Ochs.jpg\" alt=\"Len Ochs\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"img-responsive atto_image_button_left\">Len Ochs, PhD is an internationally known biofeedback expert. His views are controversial, but are usually said to make sense. He was a psychologist from 1975 to 1988. Dr. Ochs was recognized as the “grandfather” of computerized neurofeedback by the Biofeedback Society of America. In 2014, he was recognized by the International Society of Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR) for his pioneering contributions to the field neurofeedback and was honored with the Joel F. Lubar award for the advancement of neurotherapy.&nbsp;</p><p>Dr. Ochs invented the Low Energy Neurofeedback System (LENS), the development of which was further funded by OchsLabs, Inc. under the leadership of Catherine R. Wills, CNS, MSN, RN. His system has impacted the lives of thousands of people on six continents. In 2006, another pioneer in the field of neurofeedback, H. Stephen Larsen, PhD, wrote a book titled: “The Healing Power of Neurofeedback: The Revolutionary LENS Technique for Restoring Optimal Brain Function” as an introduction to the innovative therapy Dr. Ochs developed to restore enhanced brain functioning after physical or emotional trauma. Larsen views LENS therapy as “an important alternative to chemical approaches for chronic behavioral disorders as ADHD and monopolar and bipolar depression.\" LENS therapy provides an alternative to electroshock and drug treatments. LENS has also been used for anxiety, depression, addiction, ADHD, autism, and other childhood developmental disorders by increasing the brain’s ability to adapt to imbalance caused by trauma on not just the primitive level but also on the cognitive, affective and spiritual processes that define who we are as humans. Dr. Ochs has pioneered a science that realizes the significance of feelings and has developed an innovative technique on how to adapt and non-invasively manage the most difficult emotions to enable those trapped by their traumas and neuro-disorders to live an optimal life.<br></p>',1,0,1614378167,1628475526,'');

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--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_chat`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_chat` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `course` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `name` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `intro` longtext NOT NULL,
  `introformat` smallint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `keepdays` bigint(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `studentlogs` smallint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `chattime` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `schedule` smallint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_chat_cou_ix` (`course`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Each of these is a chat room';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_chat`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_chat_messages`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_chat_messages` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `chatid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `userid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `groupid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `issystem` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `message` longtext NOT NULL,
  `timestamp` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_chatmess_use_ix` (`userid`),
  KEY `mdl_chatmess_gro_ix` (`groupid`),
  KEY `mdl_chatmess_timcha_ix` (`timestamp`,`chatid`),
  KEY `mdl_chatmess_cha_ix` (`chatid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Stores all the actual chat messages';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_chat_messages`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_chat_messages_current`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_chat_messages_current` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `chatid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `userid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `groupid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `issystem` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `message` longtext NOT NULL,
  `timestamp` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_chatmesscurr_use_ix` (`userid`),
  KEY `mdl_chatmesscurr_gro_ix` (`groupid`),
  KEY `mdl_chatmesscurr_timcha_ix` (`timestamp`,`chatid`),
  KEY `mdl_chatmesscurr_cha_ix` (`chatid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Stores current session';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_chat_messages_current`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_chat_users`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_chat_users` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `chatid` bigint(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `userid` bigint(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `groupid` bigint(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `version` varchar(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `ip` varchar(45) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `firstping` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `lastping` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `lastmessageping` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `sid` varchar(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `course` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `lang` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_chatuser_use_ix` (`userid`),
  KEY `mdl_chatuser_las_ix` (`lastping`),
  KEY `mdl_chatuser_gro_ix` (`groupid`),
  KEY `mdl_chatuser_cha_ix` (`chatid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Keeps track of which users are in which chat rooms';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_chat_users`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_choice`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_choice` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `course` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `name` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `intro` longtext NOT NULL,
  `introformat` smallint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `publish` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `showresults` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `display` smallint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `allowupdate` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `allowmultiple` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `showunanswered` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `includeinactive` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `limitanswers` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timeopen` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timeclose` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `showpreview` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `completionsubmit` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_choi_cou_ix` (`course`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Available choices are stored here';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_choice`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_choice_answers`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_choice_answers` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `choiceid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `userid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `optionid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_choiansw_use_ix` (`userid`),
  KEY `mdl_choiansw_cho_ix` (`choiceid`),
  KEY `mdl_choiansw_opt_ix` (`optionid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='choices performed by users';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_choice_answers`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_choice_options`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_choice_options` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `choiceid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `text` longtext,
  `maxanswers` bigint(10) DEFAULT '0',
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_choiopti_cho_ix` (`choiceid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='available options to choice';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_choice_options`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_cohort`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_cohort` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `contextid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(254) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `idnumber` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `description` longtext,
  `descriptionformat` tinyint(2) NOT NULL,
  `visible` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `component` varchar(100) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `theme` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_coho_con_ix` (`contextid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Each record represents one cohort (aka site-wide group).';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_cohort`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_cohort_members`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_cohort_members` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `cohortid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `userid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timeadded` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_cohomemb_cohuse_uix` (`cohortid`,`userid`),
  KEY `mdl_cohomemb_coh_ix` (`cohortid`),
  KEY `mdl_cohomemb_use_ix` (`userid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Link a user to a cohort.';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_cohort_members`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_comments`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_comments` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `contextid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `component` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `commentarea` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `itemid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `content` longtext NOT NULL,
  `format` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `userid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_comm_concomite_ix` (`contextid`,`commentarea`,`itemid`),
  KEY `mdl_comm_use_ix` (`userid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='moodle comments module';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_comments`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `shortname` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `description` longtext,
  `descriptionformat` smallint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `idnumber` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `competencyframeworkid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `parentid` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `path` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `sortorder` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `ruletype` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `ruleoutcome` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `ruleconfig` longtext,
  `scaleid` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `scaleconfiguration` longtext,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_comp_comidn_uix` (`competencyframeworkid`,`idnumber`),
  KEY `mdl_comp_rul_ix` (`ruleoutcome`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='This table contains the master record of each competency in ';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_coursecomp`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_coursecomp` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `courseid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `competencyid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `ruleoutcome` tinyint(2) NOT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `sortorder` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_compcour_coucom_uix` (`courseid`,`competencyid`),
  KEY `mdl_compcour_courul_ix` (`courseid`,`ruleoutcome`),
  KEY `mdl_compcour_cou2_ix` (`courseid`),
  KEY `mdl_compcour_com_ix` (`competencyid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Link a competency to a course.';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_coursecomp`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_coursecompsetting`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_coursecompsetting` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `courseid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `pushratingstouserplans` tinyint(2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_compcour_cou_uix` (`courseid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='This table contains the course specific settings for compete';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_coursecompsetting`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_evidence`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_evidence` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `usercompetencyid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `contextid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `action` tinyint(2) NOT NULL,
  `actionuserid` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `descidentifier` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `desccomponent` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `desca` longtext,
  `url` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `grade` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `note` longtext,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_compevid_use_ix` (`usercompetencyid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='The evidence linked to a user competency';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_evidence`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_framework`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_framework` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `shortname` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `contextid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `idnumber` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `description` longtext,
  `descriptionformat` smallint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `scaleid` bigint(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `scaleconfiguration` longtext NOT NULL,
  `visible` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `taxonomies` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_compfram_idn_uix` (`idnumber`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='List of competency frameworks.';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_framework`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_modulecomp`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_modulecomp` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `cmid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `sortorder` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `competencyid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `ruleoutcome` tinyint(2) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_compmodu_cmicom_uix` (`cmid`,`competencyid`),
  KEY `mdl_compmodu_cmirul_ix` (`cmid`,`ruleoutcome`),
  KEY `mdl_compmodu_cmi_ix` (`cmid`),
  KEY `mdl_compmodu_com_ix` (`competencyid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Link a competency to a module.';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_modulecomp`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_plan`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_plan` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `description` longtext,
  `descriptionformat` smallint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `userid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `templateid` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `origtemplateid` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` tinyint(1) NOT NULL,
  `duedate` bigint(10) DEFAULT '0',
  `reviewerid` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_compplan_usesta_ix` (`userid`,`status`),
  KEY `mdl_compplan_tem_ix` (`templateid`),
  KEY `mdl_compplan_stadue_ix` (`status`,`duedate`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Learning plans';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_plan`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_plancomp`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_plancomp` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `planid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `competencyid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `sortorder` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_compplan_placom_uix` (`planid`,`competencyid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Plan competencies';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_plancomp`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_relatedcomp`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_relatedcomp` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `competencyid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `relatedcompetencyid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Related competencies';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_relatedcomp`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_template`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_template` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `shortname` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `contextid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `description` longtext,
  `descriptionformat` smallint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `visible` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `duedate` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Learning plan templates.';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_template`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_templatecohort`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_templatecohort` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `templateid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `cohortid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_comptemp_temcoh_uix` (`templateid`,`cohortid`),
  KEY `mdl_comptemp_tem2_ix` (`templateid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Default comment for the table, please edit me';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_templatecohort`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_templatecomp`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_templatecomp` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `templateid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `competencyid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `sortorder` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_comptemp_tem_ix` (`templateid`),
  KEY `mdl_comptemp_com_ix` (`competencyid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Link a competency to a learning plan template.';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_templatecomp`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_usercomp`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_usercomp` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `userid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `competencyid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `status` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `reviewerid` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `proficiency` tinyint(2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `grade` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_compuser_usecom_uix` (`userid`,`competencyid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='User competencies';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_usercomp`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_usercompcourse`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_usercompcourse` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `userid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `courseid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `competencyid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `proficiency` tinyint(2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `grade` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_compuser_usecoucom_uix` (`userid`,`courseid`,`competencyid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='User competencies in a course';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_usercompcourse`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_usercompplan`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_usercompplan` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `userid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `competencyid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `planid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `proficiency` tinyint(2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `grade` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `sortorder` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_compuser_usecompla_uix` (`userid`,`competencyid`,`planid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='User competencies plans';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_usercompplan`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_userevidence`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_userevidence` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `userid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `description` longtext NOT NULL,
  `descriptionformat` tinyint(1) NOT NULL,
  `url` longtext NOT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `mdl_compuser_use_ix` (`userid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='The evidence of prior learning';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_userevidence`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_competency_userevidencecomp`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_competency_userevidencecomp` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `userevidenceid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `competencyid` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_compuser_usecom2_uix` (`userevidenceid`,`competencyid`),
  KEY `mdl_compuser_use2_ix` (`userevidenceid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Relationship between user evidence and competencies';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_competency_userevidencecomp`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `mdl_config`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_config` (
  `id` bigint(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `value` longtext NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `mdl_conf_nam_uix` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=488 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED COMMENT='Moodle configuration variables';

--
-- Dumping data for table `mdl_config`
--

INSERT INTO `mdl_config` VALUES 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