<ul><li><b>Piracetam&nbsp;available as&nbsp;Nootropil<br><br></b></li>
<li><b>Pregabalin&nbsp;also available as&nbsp;Alzain,&nbsp;Axalid,&nbsp;Lecaent,&nbsp;Lyrica,&nbsp;Rewisca</b>
<br>A relative of gabapentin, it may be better, and can be given twice a day. Some believe that it is more effective against seizures than is gabapentin. Pregabalin has no drug interactions, no liver metabolism, no protein binding, and similar side effects to gabapentin. Typical adult dose is 150 - 600 mg bid.&nbsp;<br><br></li>
<li><b>Primidone&nbsp;<br><br></b></li>
<li><b>Rufinamide&nbsp;available as&nbsp;Inovelon, Banzel<br></b>Banzel is approved for add-on treatment of children age 4 and older and adults with&nbsp;Lennox Gastaut Syndrome. This syndrome can include seizure types such as atonic (drop) seizures, tonic (stiffening) seizures, myoclonic (brief jerking) seizures, or staring (absence) seizures, as well as partial seizures. Banzel works on sodium channels in brain cells, in a way to make them less excitable. Common side effects include headache, dizziness, fatigue and sleepiness, double vision and tremor (trembling). People who have the “short QT syndrome,” a rare heart rhythm irregularity, should not take Banzel. The drug comes as 200 and 400 mg tablets.<br><br></li>
<li><b>Sodium valproate&nbsp;als available as&nbsp;Epilim,&nbsp;Epilim Chrono,&nbsp;Epilim Chronosphere,&nbsp;Episenta,&nbsp;Epival<br><br></b></li>
<li><b>Stiripentol&nbsp;also available as&nbsp;Diacomit<br><br></b></li>
<li><b>Tiagabine&nbsp;available as&nbsp;Gabitril<br><br></b></li>
<li><b>Topiramate&nbsp;also available as&nbsp;Topamax<br></b>
A good broad-spectrum AED (i.e., treats all types of seizures). Topiramate has several mechanisms, including blocking the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which affects the acidity of brain tissue. More acidity (to a point) suppresses seizures. Side effects include thinking and memory problems in about 1/3rd, renal stones in 1-2%, rare cases of glaucoma (increased eye pressure) and weight loss. Typical adult dose is 150-200 mg twice a day.&nbsp;



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