create mu. </p>



<p style="text-align: left;">If you suspect mu and you ask your patient to wiggle their
fingers, the presence of mu will disappear. <b>&nbsp;</b>It is noteworthy that Mu is present in 70%
of the autistic population, whereas only 15% of the fully normal population has mu and 50% of the ADHD
population have it, as well as 50% of Affective Disorders.<b></b></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Mu Rhythm in Raw EEG</h4><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Mu%20Rhythm.png" alt="Mu Rhythm" width="788" height="1105" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_middle" style="font-size: 1rem;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(55, 71, 79); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;; font-size: 1.286rem;">qEEG of Mu Rhythm</span><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Mu%20Rhythm%20in%20QEEG.png" alt="Mu Rhythm in QEEG" width="663" height="553" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_text-bottom"><br></p><p></p><h4 style="text-align: center;">Raw qEEG representation of mu (red box) and harmonic of mu
(green box)</h4><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Mu%20rhythm%20raw.png" alt="Mu Rhythm Raw" width="571" height="661" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_middle" style="font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;"></p><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Mu in 17
year-old girl, Z-Scores&nbsp; &nbsp;</h4><p style="text-align: left;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;">&nbsp;</span><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Mu%20Rhythm%20in%20individual%20Hz%20Bins.png" alt="Mu Rhythm in Individual Hz Bins" width="715" height="650" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_middle" style="font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"><a name="_Toc29328794">Beta (1, 2, 3)</a></h2>

<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="_Hlk535906617"></a><a name="_Hlk529253653"></a><a name="_Hlk525201352">Beta
occurs from local groups of pyramidal neurons synchronize; beta &nbsp;is a cortico-cortical frequency (which means
its origin is the bark of the brain, the cortex). Beta ranges from Beta 1
(12-15Hz) Beta 2 (15-18Hz), Beta 3(18-25Hz), and High Beta (25-30 Hz)</a>
(some cap beta as high as 40Hz). <a name="_Hlk521998265">Beta </a>predominantly occurs in the frontocentral areas
of the brain, usually with an amplitude of 30µV or less and is symmetrical This is the brainwave of our normal waking
consciousness and encompasses all executive functioning, such as making plans,
acting, and problem-solving. Beta II is at work much of the time that we are
processing details, comprehending, and making meaning. Beta III is shown during
periods of high focus and engagement. When pathological, beta often appears in
high amplitude, often indicating stress, anxiety, fear, and worry. It is beta
that allows us to determine what makes us up, who we are, what we believe in
(and do not believe in), and all other components of our identity. It might be
argued that the other frequencies inform our ego state (and they do), but our
primary mode of thought is in beta. Individuals
with too much high amplitude beta are often those suffering from neurological
conditions. Wise (1995) noted that “excessive amounts of beta can lead to great
psychological discomfort” (p. 3).</p>



<p style="text-align: center;">Beta is active
thought, active thinking. This signature suggests a brain that is having
difficulty calming down—there are indications of an hyperaroused or hyperalert
state. Of particular interest is the right frontotemporal&nbsp; cortex; it appears this is the origin of the
high amplitude fast wave activity.&nbsp; This
area contains most of the dopamine sensitive neurons in the human cortex, which
are associated with reward, attention, planning, motivation, and short term memory.
It is bordered from behind with the pre-central gyrus, containing the primary
motor cortex, an area responsible for voluntary body movements.</p><h4 style="text-align: center;">Inflammation as seen in the EEG via high amplitude beta (raw data)</h4><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Beta%20in%20the%20EEGE.png" alt="Beta in the EEG" width="1022" height="919" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_left" style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><h4 style="text-align: center;"><br></h4><h4 style="text-align: center;"><br></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">qEEG for High Amplitude Beta signifying inflammation</h4><p style="text-align: left;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;">&nbsp;</span><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Inflammation.png" alt="Inflammation" width="703" height="932" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_middle" style="font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Spindling Beta</h3><p style="text-align: left;"><br></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><u>Spindling beta</u></b> is associated with: </p>

<p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->cortical irritability</p>

<p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->toxic encephalopathy</p>

<p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->epilepsy</p>

<p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->pre-epileptic auras </p>

<p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->benzo toxicity</p>

<p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->10% of ADD &amp; ADHD </p>

<p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->Affective disorders, &amp;</p>

<p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->Bipolar disorders</p>

<p style="text-align: left;">Very often beta of this morphology
and frequency acts as a stabilizing rhythm, or as a compensatory frequency for
a less stable EEG. Beta Spindles arrive in EEG as sleep spindles, as a
stabilizing rhythm, to prevent one from awakening. &nbsp;Spindling beta represents a
nonspecific indicator of cortical dysfunction or encephalopathy when <u>determined
<b><i>not</i></b>
to be a medication effect</u>. Beta spindles often correlate with an overall
anxious demeanor characterized by frequent and intense ruminative thinking.
Spindling beta is hyper synchronous and is indicative of central nervous system
hyperarousal. Spindling beta is also associated with cortical irritability,
toxic encephalopathy, epilepsy, pre-epileptic auras, and benzodiazepine
toxicity. It also indicates a wakefulness drive, making maintaining sleep more
difficult (either difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep). This waveform
is kindled easily and is common in bi-polar, anxiety, insomnia, as well as
impulsivity. </p><h4 style="text-align: center;"><br></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Benzodiazepine-induced Spindling beta (raw data)</h4><p style="text-align: left;"><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Benzodiazepine%20Toxicity.png" alt="Benzodiazepine Toxicity" width="1036" height="923" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_middle" style="font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Spindling Beta of ADHD</h4><p style="text-align: left;"><br></p><p style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;<img src="data:image/png;base64,[encoded data, 197672 characters]" alt=""><br></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Fast Spindling Beta of Encephalopathy (Dengue Fever)</h4><p style="text-align: left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,[encoded data, 154256 characters]" alt=""><br></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">qEEG for high amplitude spindling beta (Benzodiazepine use)</h4><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Benzodiazepine%20Map.png" alt="Benzodiazepine Map" width="710" height="919" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_middle" style="font-size: 1rem;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc29328796">Gamma</a></h2>

<p style="text-align: left;"><br></p>

<p style="text-align: left;">Of all the brainwaves, gamma (40+ Hz)
is the least understood. This is largely because of the, until recent,
technological limitations of equipment to pick up these very fast, very tiny,
30+ Hz brainwaves. Complicating the process is the fact that gamma is easily
confused with muscle artifact from the head and jaw. Gamma is seen in the EEG
when the participant is presented with unpredicted stimuli (Arnal et al.,
2011). &nbsp;It is the “aha!” or “Eureka!” of
the EEG. It arrives in bursts when we recognize something novel.</p>

<p style="text-align: left;">Gamma travels in envelopes, which
surround the oscillation, making it appear with a spindle shape, and it has the
ability to arise in any structure of the brain, because interneurons connected
by GABA <sub>A </sub>receptors are ubiquitous throughout the brain (Buzsaki,
2006, p. 75). Of most interest, gamma has been implicated to be the binding
rhythm of consciousness (Buzsaki, 2006, Gold, 1999; Hughes, 2008). It is not
generated via a local neurophysiological generator, but is rather an emergent
property of networks (Gunkelman, 2015) and is related to subjective awareness (Gunkelman,
2014). &nbsp;Gamma is healthy when it is nested in other
frequencies, which is a phenomenon known as phase-amplitude cross frequency
coupling, where the phase of one frequency (e.g., theta) changes the amplitude
of another frequency (e.g., gamma). As the theta goes electro-negative, gamma
is active, but when theta goes positive, gamma attenuates (Gunkelman, 2015).
Gamma has also been tied to deep meditative states. Lutz, Greischar, Rawlings,
Richard, and Davidson (2004) found that long-term meditators produce
self-induced high amplitude gamma when meditating.</p><p style="text-align: left;">Gamma-frequency oscillations are
typically short-lasting, transient events (Buzsaki, 2006, p. 76). One of the
markers of pathological gamma is persistence; healthy gamma ought to occur in
bursts or “chirps” (DeRidder, 2014). Low-frequency oscillations (such as those
of delta and theta) have been reported to coordinate long-range communication,
while gamma oscillations (40-150) coordinate local communication (Buzsaki &amp;
Draguhn, 2004; von Stein et al., 2000). Local communication is between very
close neuronal pools. At times brainwaves come into harmony (e.g., 45 Hz gamma
laid over a background of 9 Hz alpha is a harmonic, since 45 divides into 9),
and other patterns that represent certain states of being and of mind. </p><p style="text-align: left;"><br></p><p></p><p></p>