<p></p><h3><a name="_Toc29328838">Head Injury and Concussion</a></h3>

<p><a name="_Hlk3298282">Often in a concussion, the </a><span lang="EN-CA">initial impact
will lead the brain to release the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate at the
areas of damage, which causes a rapid depolarization of the local neurons.
After this, the axonal sodium/potassium pump goes into overdrive to rebalance
ion/voltage imbalance, more ATP (energy) is required,</span> there is a <span lang="EN-CA">jump in glucose metabolism, and </span>e<span lang="EN-CA">xtracellular
swelling starts, reducing blood flow. Then the increase in metabolism with
reduced blood flow causes an energy crisis in the cell. Cell is unable to carry
out regular activity due to lack of energy and</span><span lang="EN-CA"> </span>o<span lang="EN-CA">ften entire cell groups will go dormant to preserve themselves. This
causes a low voltage EEG. However, for the record, a low voltage EEG is also a
normal phenotype (Johnstone et al, 2005). </span></p>

It is very likely that, after a career of having
hard knocks to the skull, that clients’ brains will form scar tissue at the
sites of the accident (after initially experiencing a state of inflammation).
If the inflammation is not able to properly heal the brain—which is its’
function—then the brain will ultimately learn to handle the inflammation by
altering cellular structures to form tougher tissues, which would
consequentially prevent blood perfusion at the&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 1rem;">sites of the
injury and prevent the slower brainwaves of delta and theta from being read
from the surface.</span><p>&nbsp;</p>

<h3><a name="_Toc29328839"></a><a name="_Toc3535239">TBI, Stroke and Concussion</a></h3>

<p><a name="_Hlk3544972">When brain
trauma occurs, the brain sends slow, healing brainwaves to the areas receiving
damage. Typically, a recent wound (whether open or closed) will result in an
abundance of delta and theta brain waves—indicating damage to the white matter
of the brain. Birnbaumer&nbsp;(2007)&nbsp;has&nbsp;suggested&nbsp;that&nbsp;if&nbsp;the&nbsp;neuronal&nbsp;assemblies&nbsp;adjacent&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;injury,&nbsp;</a><span style="font-size: 1rem;">rather&nbsp;than&nbsp;the&nbsp;homologue&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;contra­lateral&nbsp;hemisphere,&nbsp;assume&nbsp;the&nbsp;function&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">damaged&nbsp;neurons&nbsp;more&nbsp;recovery&nbsp;is&nbsp;possible.</span><a name="_Hlk3544950" style="color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Other signs and symptoms of frontal lobe injury are
difficulty with flexibility, problem solving, attention span and memory
(Thompson &amp; Thompson, 2015, p. 39).</a></p><p><a name="_Hlk3544950" style="color: rgb(82, 96, 105); font-size: 1rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br></a></p><h2><a name="_Toc29328840">Anxiety via Low Theta-Beta Ratio</a></h2>

<p>A high theta over beta ratio at Cz
has been confirmed by the Food and drug administration as an indicator of ADHD.
The theta/ beta ratio is best known as a predictor of Attention Deficit
disorders. Typically, when one has too much theta and not enough beta, their
abilities to focus and concentrate are compromised. In the case of a low
theta/beta ratio, the amount of theta is too low and the amount of beta is too
high, suggesting one who veers to the other end of the attention spectrum. This
could manifest in many ways, including someone who is rigid or fixed in
thought, someone who pays meticulous attention to detail, sometimes to a fault.
</p>

There is the possibility
that the “small stuff” is a source of stress, where details can become
overwhelming and the component parts of a task, job, or endeavor are
scrutinized and&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 1rem;">overthought to a detrimental
degree.&nbsp; There could be signs or symptoms
of obsession, rumination, and the desire to take care of things oneself,
instead of having others handle tasks, under the belief that “my way is the
best way” or “only I know how to do it right.” In its best light, this low
ratio may indicate a high level of proficiency and efficiency; someone who
produces meticulous, detail oriented, high quality work. The question then is:
is this effort pleasurable?</span><p>&nbsp;</p>

<h2><a name="_Toc29328841">ADD/ADHD via High Theta-Beta Ratio</a></h2>

<p>The theta/beta ratio is a predictor of attention deficit
disorder according to the FDA and American Academy of Pediatrics.&nbsp; However, 30% of ADHD kids show excessive
alpha frontally.</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->T/B ratio is driven largely by slow alpha</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->The theta beta ratio changes over time</p>

<p><!--[if !supportLists]-->-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--[endif]-->Monastra/Lubar (1999) shows accuracy of 95% of
using the T/B/ ratio for the diagnosis of attention spectrum disorders</p><p>

</p><p>20% of
ADD/ADHD cases is the variation of&nbsp;
frontal beta spindles. This profile manifests is an inability to
regulate attention, its not a deficit of attention. Easily kindled or excitable
cortex will show in beta spindle. </p><p></p>

<p></p><h2><a name="_Toc29328842"><br></a></h2><h2><a name="_Toc29328842">ADD/ADHD
Spindling Beta Variant in Raw EEG</a></h2><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;">&nbsp;</span><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Spindling%20Variant.png" alt="Spindling Variant" width="650" height="466" class="atto_image_button_middle" style="font-size: 1rem; text-align: center;"></p><p></p><p style="text-align: center; "><br></p><p style="text-align: center; "><br></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">ADHD/ADD Spindling Beta Variant in qEEG</h3><p style="text-align: center; "><a name="_Toc29328843" style="color: rgb(55, 71, 79); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;; font-size: 1.715rem; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br></a></p><p style="text-align: center; "><a name="_Toc29328843">&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/ADD%20QEEG.png" alt="ADD/ADHD QEEG" width="709" height="918" style="text-align: center; " class="img-responsive atto_image_button_middle"></a></p><p style="text-align: center; "><br></p><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc29328844">Spectrum Based Disorders</a></h2>

<p style="text-align: left;">The rate of brain growth is
abnormal in autistic children. Researchers speculate in autism that too few connection
are created between the frontal cortex and other regions of the brain (Seung, 2009).
Along with the phase dynamics of the
brain, aberrant brain connectivity, especially as it pertains to long-distance
underconnectivity, has been recognized as a candidate pathophysiology of autism
spectrum disorders.&nbsp; The current
meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in subjects with autism
spectrum disorders emphasizes important roles of connections in the superior
and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, inferior fronto-occipital fasiculus,
uncinate fasciculus, and the anterior portion of the corpus callosum that
extends into the frontal lobes in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum
disorders (Bashat et al, 2010; Joe et al., 2010).&nbsp; </p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Abnormal Phase Dynamics as seen
in Spectrum-Based Disorders</h4><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Autism.png" alt="Autism" width="530" height="540" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_text-bottom" style="font-size: 1rem;"></p><p></p><p></p>