<h4>The Peniston - Kulkosky Protocol</h4>
    <p>In the late 1980s, Dr. Eugene Peniston, a clinical psychologist spearheaded research with Paul Kulkosky at the Fort Lyon Colorado, Veterans Hospital, using techniques he had learned at the Menninger Clinic. The protocol guided users into a trancelike
        state where alpha waves and theta waves are both elevated. Peniston found that these frequencies could be used to treat many things, including alcoholism, drug addiction, and depression.&nbsp;</p>
    <p>These two ran a study of thirty men who were both veterans and alcoholics. The experiment divided the men into three groups: one group received talk therapy with AA's 12-step process (n=10), no treatment (n=10), and the "Peniston Protocol" (n=10).
        In the group receiving the Peniston Protocol, the biofeedback they were doing was alpha-theta neurofeedback, seeking the "alpha-theta crossover" wherein the theta amplitudes surpass the alpha amplitudes. In this space the alcoholics (and consequentially
        others) gained access to the realm in which their traumatic memories were quarantined. Thus deep psychological material was often plumbed, sprouting the theory that alpha-theta neurofeedback got to the very root of people's issues.</p>
    <p>When the efficacy of the various interventions were measured (with tests including the Beck Depression Inventory, the Minnesota Multiphasic personality Inventory II, blood draws and EEGs) and the individuals given the biofeedback interventions showered
        higher amplitude alpha and theta activity, a reduction in depression, and other favorable results (for instance, their blood showed less beta-endorphins than the other groups, indicating the white-knuckling associated with quitting drinking was
        missed by those undergoing alpha-theta treatments). Eight of the ten alcoholics who did the biofeedback quit drinking for good (all the others were re-hospitalized for their addictions within 18 months of the study).</p>
    <p>Their paper "Alpha Theta Brain Wave Training and Beta Endorphin Levels" was published in a journal "Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research," which sent a tremor of excitement throughout the biofeedback community. They published subsequent
        papers on the efficacy of alpha-theta neurofeedback on PTSD from the Vietnam war.</p><p><span style="color: rgb(55, 71, 79); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;; font-size: 1.286rem;">Open Focus</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 1rem;"><img src="@@PLUGINFILE@@/Open%20Focus%20Book.jpg" alt="Open Focus Book" width="204" height="319" class="img-responsive atto_image_button_middle"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 1rem;">Les Fehmi's Open Focus was founded on the generation of alpha frequencies, and his attempt to get people to generate alpha waves. In this effort, he would ask people 28 questions around "relaxation imagery" to see if they produced alpha content. Questions
        like: "Can you imagine the space between your eyes?" and "can you imagine the space between your ears?" provoked people into an alpha state automatically. This, Fehmi thought, was synchronous alpha providing a fdep and relaxing state. One of Fehmi's
        devices to generate this kind of EEG was a photic stimulator, used along with Open Focus tapes. People who ascribed to this version of EEG biofeedback reported less stress.&nbsp;</span></p>
    <p><span style="color: rgb(55, 71, 79); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;; font-size: 1.286rem;">SMR Neurofeedback</span><br></p>
    <p>The first studies in the field by Sterman (Sterman, Wyrwicka, &amp; Roth, 1969) found significant changes in brainwave patterns of cats during a learned suppression of a cup-press response for food; they did a follow up effort to determine if the
        cats could voluntarily produce this Sensory Motor Rhythm ( SMR) pattern by making a food reward contingent on SMR production. The cats easily accomplished the task. When used in further studies investigating the effects of a highly epileptogenic
        fuel compound on cats, they proved to be highly resistant to seizure. While cats not previously trained, experienced seizures and death. SMR training had somehow inoculated the cats against experiencing seizures demonstrating that training this
        pattern of increased spindle density resulted in a strong and permanent effect on neural processes that did not involve placebo effect. Lubar and Shouse (1976) followed with research showing that symptoms of ADHD could be increased or decreased
        using NFB. These pioneering studies led to a larger number of investigations that continued showing efficacy, while others started to focus on the physiological changes in the brain. Hershberg et al. (2004) noted that there are several neurofeedback
        studies using fMRI that demonstrate the control of the brain through feedback as valid. fMRI studies in human subjects have shown that the SMR EEG pattern is clearly associated with an increase in metabolic activity in the striatum of the basal
        ganglia nuclear complex (Birbaumer, 2005).</p><p><br></p><h4>Joel Lubar on Researchers known Over the Years</h4><br>
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<h4>Joel Lubar on ADHD and&nbsp; the Theta/Beta Ratio</h4>
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